On October 16, 2017 Pfizer Inc. (NYSE:PFE) reported full results from the Phase 2 clinical trial of the investigational, next-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor lorlatinib that exhibited clinically meaningful activity against lung tumors and brain metastases in a range of patients with ALK-positive and ROS1-positive advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), including those who were heavily pretreated (Press release, Pfizer, OCT 16, 2017, View Source [SID1234520950]). Further, side effects were generally manageable and primarily mild to moderate in severity. The results [Abstract #OA 05.06] were presented by Professor Benjamin Solomon, lead investigator and medical oncologist at Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia, today during an oral session at the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) 18th World Conference on Lung Cancer (WCLC) in Yokohama, Japan. Pfizer will also present data from several other lung cancer clinical programs.
“The findings presented today suggest that lorlatinib, if approved, may represent an effective treatment option for patients with ALK-positive advanced non-small cell lung cancer across multiple lines of therapy. These are comprehensive data in non-small cell lung cancer patients previously treated with second-generation ALK inhibitors who currently have few available treatment options,” said Professor Benjamin Solomon, lead investigator and medical oncologist at Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia. “Controlling brain metastases is very important to these patients and an especially challenging aspect of treating this disease. We saw excellent intracranial responses in all patient groups, including those who were heavily pretreated.”
“Lorlatinib is an extraordinary example of what can be achieved through translational research and precision medicine development. Recall that Xalkori (crizotinib) was the first drug approved for patients with ALK-positive and ROS1-positive NSCLC. By understanding the mutations that occurred in patients that rendered their tumors resistant to Xalkori and other ALK inhibitors, medicinal chemists working at Pfizer were able to design a molecule with the potential to overcome that resistance and inhibit ALK despite these mutations. We are very encouraged by the results of this Phase 2 trial that provide the first clinical evidence of the activity of lorlatinib in this setting,” said Mace Rothenberg, MD, chief development officer, Oncology, Pfizer Global Product Development.
The Phase 2 study examined the antitumor activity and safety of lorlatinib in 275 patients with or without asymptomatic, untreated or treated brain metastases. Patients were enrolled in six cohorts based on biomarker (ALK-positive or ROS1-positive) and prior therapy. The primary endpoints were objective response rate (ORR) and intracranial ORR (IC-ORR) confirmed by independent central review (ICR). Results by clinically relevant groups showed:
ALK-positive treatment-naïve: ORR was 90% (27/30; 95% CI: 74, 98) and IC-ORR was 75% (6/8; 95% CI: 35, 97).
ALK-positive previously treated with crizotinib with or without chemotherapy: ORR was 69% (41/59; 95% CI: 56, 81) and IC-ORR was 68%(25/37; 95% CI: 50, 82).
ALK-positive previously treated with a non-crizotinib ALK inhibitor with or without chemotherapy: ORR was 33% (9/27; 95% CI: 16, 54) and IC-ORR was 42% (5/12; 95% CI: 15, 72).
ALK-positive previously treated with two or three prior ALK inhibitors with or without chemotherapy: ORR was 39% (43/111; 95% CI: 30, 49) and IC-ORR 48% (40/83; 95% CI: 37, 59).
ROS1-positive regardless of prior treatment: ORR was 36% (17/47; 95% CI: 23, 52) and IC-ORR was 56% (14/25; 95% CI: 35, 76).
Lorlatinib was generally tolerable. Most adverse events were mild to moderate and were managed by dose reductions or delay or with standard medical therapy. There were no treatment-related deaths and a low (3%) rate of discontinuation due to drug-related adverse events. The most common adverse events were: hypercholesterolemia (81%), hypertriglyceridemia (60%), edema (43%), peripheral neuropathy (30%), weight increase (18%), cognitive effects (18%), mood effects (15%), fatigue (13%), diarrhea (11%), arthralgia (10%), and increased AST (10%).
The Phase 2 data will form the basis of discussions with global regulatory authorities, including the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. On April 26, 2017, the FDA granted Breakthrough Therapy designation for lorlatinib for the treatment of patients with ALK-positive metastatic NSCLC previously treated with one or more ALK inhibitors.
Pfizer Oncology continues to build on its heritage in biomarker-driven therapies by investigating novel targeted therapies and immunotherapy combination approaches aimed at addressing significant unmet needs for patients. In addition to the lorlatinib results, Pfizer will present data at the conference from studies examining its current and investigational lung cancer medicines:
Plasma genomic profiling and outcomes of patients with MET exon-14 altered NSCLC treated with crizotinib on PROFILE 1001 (Late-breaker oral presentation: Abstract #OA 12.06)
First-line dacomitinib versus gefitinib in advanced non-small cell lung cancer with EGFR mutation subgroups (Oral presentation: Abstract #OA 05.01)
Next-generation sequencing shows mechanisms of intrinsic resistance in ALK-positive NSCLC patients treated with crizotinib (Poster presentation: Abstract #P1.01-016)
Dacomitinib versus gefitinib for first-line treatment of advanced EGFR NSCLC in Japanese patients (ARCHER 1050) (Poster presentation: Abstract #P3.01-072)
Symptom impact of first-line dacomitinib versus gefitinib in EGFR-positive NSCLC: Results from a randomized phase 3 study (Poster presentation: Abstract #P3.01-012)
About Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide.1 NSCLC accounts for about 85 percent of lung cancer cases and remains difficult to treat, particularly in the metastatic setting.2 Approximately 75 percent of NSCLC patients are diagnosed late with metastatic or advanced disease where the five-year survival rate is only five percent.2,3,4
About Lorlatinib
Lorlatinib is an investigational next-generation ALK/ROS1 tyrosine kinase inhibitor that has been shown to be highly active in preclinical lung cancer models harboring chromosomal rearrangements of both ALK and ROS1. Lorlatinib was specifically designed to inhibit tumor mutations that drive resistance to other ALK inhibitors and to penetrate the blood brain barrier.
The Phase 3 CROWN study (NCT03052608) of lorlatinib began enrolling patients earlier this year. CROWN is an ongoing, open label, randomized, two-arm study comparing lorlatinib to crizotinib in the first-line treatment of patients with metastatic ALK-positive NSCLC.
Lorlatinib is an investigational agent and has not received regulatory approval for any indication anywhere in the world.
About Dacomitinib
Dacomitinib is an investigational, second-generation, oral, once-daily, irreversible epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor. It has not received regulatory approval anywhere in the world.
About XALKORI (crizotinib)
XALKORI is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor indicated in the U.S. for the treatment of patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) whose tumors are anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) or ROS1-positive as detected by an FDA-approved test. XALKORI has received approval for patients with ALK-positive NSCLC in more than 90 countries, including Australia, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea and the European Union.
XALKORI Important Safety Information
Hepatotoxicity: Drug-induced hepatotoxicity with fatal outcome occurred in 0.1% of patients treated with XALKORI across clinical trials (n=1719). Transaminase elevations generally occurred within the first 2 months. Monitor liver function tests, including ALT, AST, and total bilirubin, every 2 weeks during the first 2 months of treatment, then once a month, and as clinically indicated, with more frequent repeat testing for increased liver transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, or total bilirubin in patients who develop transaminase elevations. Permanently discontinue for ALT/AST elevation >3 times ULN with concurrent total bilirubin elevation >1.5 times ULN (in the absence of cholestasis or hemolysis); otherwise, temporarily suspend and dose-reduce XALKORI as indicated.
Interstitial Lung Disease (Pneumonitis): Severe, life-threatening, or fatal interstitial lung disease (ILD)/pneumonitis can occur. Across clinical trials (n=1719), 2.9% of XALKORI-treated patients had any grade ILD, 1.0% had Grade 3/4, and 0.5% had fatal ILD. ILD generally occurred within 3 months after initiation of treatment. Monitor for pulmonary symptoms indicative of ILD/pneumonitis. Exclude other potential causes and permanently discontinue XALKORI in patients with drug-related ILD/pneumonitis.
QT Interval Prolongation: QTc prolongation can occur. Across clinical trials (n=1616), 2.1% of patients had QTcF (corrected QT by the Fridericia method) 500 ms and 5.0% had an increase from baseline QTcF 60 ms by automated machine-read evaluation of ECGs. Avoid use in patients with congenital long QT syndrome. Monitor ECGs and electrolytes in patients with congestive heart failure, bradyarrhythmias, electrolyte abnormalities, or who are taking medications that prolong the QT interval. Permanently discontinue XALKORI in patients who develop QTc >500 ms or 60 ms change from baseline with Torsade de pointes, polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, or signs/symptoms of serious arrhythmia. Withhold XALKORI in patients who develop QTc >500 ms on at least 2 separate ECGs until recovery to a QTc -480 ms, then resume at a reduced dose.
Bradycardia: Symptomatic bradycardia can occur. Across clinical trials, bradycardia occurred in 12.7% of patients treated with XALKORI (n=1719). Avoid use in combination with other agents known to cause bradycardia. Monitor heart rate and blood pressure regularly. In cases of symptomatic bradycardia that is not life-threatening, hold XALKORI until recovery to asymptomatic bradycardia or to a heart rate of 60 bpm, re-evaluate the use of concomitant medications, and adjust the dose of XALKORI. Permanently discontinue for life-threatening bradycardia due to XALKORI; however, if associated with concomitant medications known to cause bradycardia or hypotension, hold XALKORI until recovery to asymptomatic bradycardia or to a heart rate of 60 bpm. If concomitant medications can be adjusted or discontinued, restart XALKORI at 250 mg once daily with frequent monitoring.
Severe Visual Loss: Across clinical trials, the incidence of Grade 4 visual field defect with vision loss was 0.2% (n=1719). Discontinue XALKORI in patients with new onset of severe visual loss (best corrected vision less than 20/200 in one or both eyes). Perform an ophthalmological evaluation. There is insufficient information to characterize the risks of resumption of XALKORI in patients with a severe visual loss; a decision to resume should consider the potential benefits to the patient.
Vision Disorders: Most commonly visual impairment, photopsia, blurred vision or vitreous floaters, occurred in 63.1% of 1719 patients. The majority (95%) of these patients had Grade 1 visual adverse reactions. 0.8% of patients had Grade 3 and 0.2% had Grade 4 visual impairment. The majority of patients on the XALKORI arms in Studies 1 and 2 (>50%) reported visual disturbances which occurred at a frequency of 4-7 days each week, lasted up to 1 minute, and had mild or no impact on daily activities.
Embryo-Fetal Toxicity: XALKORI can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Advise of the potential risk to the fetus. Advise females of reproductive potential and males with female partners of reproductive potential to use effective contraception during treatment and for at least 45 days (females) or 90 days (males) respectively, following the final dose of XALKORI.
ROS1-positive Metastatic NSCLC: Safety was evaluated in 50 patients with ROS1-positive metastatic NSCLC from a single-arm study, and was generally consistent with the safety profile of XALKORI evaluated in patients with ALK-positive metastatic NSCLC. Vision disorders occurred in 92% of patients in the ROS1 study; 90% of patients had Grade 1 vision disorders and 2% had Grade 2.
Adverse Reactions: Safety was evaluated in a phase 3 study in previously untreated patients with ALK-positive metastatic NSCLC randomized to XALKORI (n=171) or chemotherapy (n=169). Serious adverse events were reported in 34% of patients treated with XALKORI, the most frequent were dyspnea (4.1%) and pulmonary embolism (2.9%). Fatal adverse events in XALKORI-treated patients occurred in 2.3% of patients, consisting of septic shock, acute respiratory failure, and diabetic ketoacidosis. Common adverse reactions (all grades) occurring in ≥25% and more commonly (≥5%) in patients treated with XALKORI vs chemotherapy were vision disorder (71% vs 10%), diarrhea (61% vs 13%), edema (49% vs 12%), vomiting (46% vs 36%), constipation (43% vs 30%), upper respiratory infection (32% vs 12%), dysgeusia (26% vs 5%), and abdominal pain (26% vs 12%). Grade 3/4 reactions occurring at a ≥2% higher incidence with XALKORI vs chemotherapy were QT prolongation (2% vs 0%), esophagitis (2% vs 0%), and constipation (2% vs 0%). In patients treated with XALKORI vs chemotherapy, the following occurred: elevation of ALT (any grade [79% vs 33%] or Grade 3/4 [15% vs 2%]); elevation of AST (any grade [66% vs 28%] or Grade 3/4 [8% vs 1%]); neutropenia (any grade [52% vs 59%] or Grade 3/4 [11% vs 16%]); lymphopenia (any grade [48% vs 53%] or Grade 3/4 [7% vs 13%]); hypophosphatemia (any grade [32% vs 21%] or Grade 3/4 [10% vs 6%]). In patients treated with XALKORI vs chemotherapy, renal cysts occurred (5% vs 1%). Nausea (56%), decreased appetite (30%), fatigue (29%), and neuropathy (21%) also occurred in patients taking XALKORI.
Drug Interactions: Exercise caution with concomitant use of moderate CYP3A inhibitors. Avoid grapefruit or grapefruit juice which may increase plasma concentrations of crizotinib. Avoid concomitant use of strong CYP3A inducers and inhibitors. Avoid concomitant use of CYP3A substrates with narrow therapeutic range in patients taking XALKORI. If concomitant use of CYP3A substrates with narrow therapeutic range is required in patients taking XALKORI, dose reductions of the CYP3A substrates may be required due to adverse reactions.
Lactation: Because of the potential for adverse reactions in breastfed infants, advise females not to breastfeed during treatment with XALKORI and for 45 days after the final dose.
Hepatic Impairment: XALKORI has not been studied in patients with hepatic impairment. As crizotinib is extensively metabolized in the liver, hepatic impairment is likely to increase plasma crizotinib concentrations. Use caution in patients with hepatic impairment.
Renal Impairment: Decreases in estimated glomerular filtration rate occurred in patients treated with XALKORI. Administer XALKORI at a starting dose of 250 mg taken orally once daily in patients with severe renal impairment (CLcr <30 mL/min) not requiring dialysis. No starting dose adjustment is needed for patients with mild and moderate renal impairment.
For more information and full prescribing information, please visit www.XALKORI.com.