On December 12, 2018 Generex Biotechnology Corporation (OTCQB:GNBT) reported that the FDA had reviewed the company’s investigational new drug (IND) application and given notification that the study can proceed (Press release, Generex, DEC 12, 2018, View Source [SID1234532037]). The study: A Phase II Clinical Trial of Pembrolizumab (Keytruda) in Combination with the AE37 Peptide Vaccine in Patients with Metastatic Triple Negative Breast Cancer, is sponsored by Generex and conducted under a collaboration agreement with Merck and a clinical trial agreement with the NSABP Foundation, Inc. (NSABP).

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The combination study builds on previous clinical studies of both AE37 and Keytruda. AE37, a cancer vaccine, was the subject of a 300 patient prospective, randomized and single-blinded Phase II study in patients with breast cancer. That study showed a strong trend toward reduced relapses,particularly in patients with triple negative breast cancer. Keytruda also has shown encouraging results in patients with triple negative breast cancer when used as monotherapy. The complementary mechanisms of action of the two drugs suggest the combination may have the potential to be better than either alone.

AE37 is unique among therapeutic cancer vaccines in that it ensures specific activation of CD4+ T helper cells, which are critical in generating an effective immune response. Its improved immunological potency, along with an excellent safety profile, offers particular advantages for combination studies. In addition to the Phase II study in breast cancer patients, AE37 also has been tested in a Phase I study in prostate cancer patients. AE37 treated patients have consistently displayed a robust, long-lasting and specific response to the vaccine.

Liesha Emens, M.D., Ph.D., Principal Investigator for the study and Professor of Medicine at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center commented: "So far, metastatic triple negative breast cancer patients treated upfront with immunotherapy benefit clinically from immune checkpoint immunotherapy only if their tumors contain PDL1+ cells. Increasing the number of patients with immune-activated tumors should bring the benefit of immunotherapy to even more patients. This Phase II trial will test whether the AE37 vaccine may trigger immunity in triple negative breast cancer patients, priming them for clinical benefit from immune checkpoint blockade."

Eric von Hofe, President of NuGenerex-ImmunoOncology commented: "We are gratified to see this important trial moving forward. While we have tested AE37 in breast and prostate cancer patients, there is good rationale for inclusion of AE37 in the treatment regimen of a variety of additional cancer types of high unmet need. Gastric, colon, ovarian and bladder cancers all express the same tumor target expressed in breast and prostate cancer that AE37 activates the immune system to recognize."

About AE37

AE37 is an investigational therapeutic cancer vaccine being developed to treat certain types of breast cancer. It is a combination of portions of two proteins that together stimulate the immune system to fight cancer cells.

Up to 80 percent of breast cancers express some level of a protein called HER2. While treatments exist to target HER2 in breast cancer patients with the highest level of HER2 expression (roughly 25%), the majority of patients who have lower levels of expression have more limited treatment options. AE37 consists of a protein derived from the HER2 protein combined with a portion of the MHC class II associated invariant chain which has been termed Ii-Key.

AE37 does not directly target HER2, but rather acts as a vaccine to activate the immune system to recognize the HER2 protein, which is expressed on cancer cells as foreign. AE37 ensures activation of CD4-positive lymphocytes, immune cells that are important in stimulating both the antibody response (antibodies against HER2) and cellular responses directed against the HER2 protein in breast cancer cells. The Ii-Key peptide is coupled with the HER2 protein to ensure a more robust and long-lasting response.

On December 12, 2018 Apexian Pharmaceuticals reported is shedding light on the question of how pre-leukemic cells transform into full-blown leukemia (Press release, Apexian Pharmaceuticals, DEC 12, 2018, View Source [SID1234532036]).

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Genetic mutations by themselves are rarely enough to flip the switch. Inflammation also plays a role. But, until now, the question of "how" remained unanswered.

Apexian Chief Science Officer Mark Kelley, PhD, and his colleagues presented their findings at the American Society of Hematology (ASH) (Free ASH Whitepaper)’s December 1, 2018 meeting in San Diego, California. When a putative tumor-suppressor gene called TET2 does not function well, acute inflammation or infection can enhance the production of myeloid stem and progenitor cells in the bone marrow that are precursors to circulating mature myeloid cells. The TET2 loss of function amplifies; inflammatory proteins increase, and myeloid cells rapidly mature, increasing in sheer numbers as well as developing resistance to programmed cell death.

Myeloid cells, which contribute to immunity, are normally very short-lived. However, when those cells live too long or become too numerous, dangerous levels of inflammation can result. Using a mouse model, Kelley and his colleagues demonstrated that Apexian’s flagship compound APX3330 can prevent precancerous cells from proliferating and block cells from making inflammatory proteins.

Such anti-inflammatory therapy could be of clinical value in people carrying TET2 mutations.

"Apexian continues to develop a robust portfolio of APE1/Ref-1 compounds that have broad utility in oncology, hematology and other diseases," says Steve Carchedi, President and CEO. "We are excited by the recent scientific findings and continue to expand our research and development beyond solid tumors."

APX3330 also has clinical utility with solid tumors. A Phase 1 trial for patients with advanced solid tumors is concluding

On December 12, 2018 Checkmate Pharmaceuticals Inc., a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company focused upon activation of innate immunity to treat advanced cancer, reported that it has appointed Barry Labinger as President and CEO. Arthur M. Krieg, MD, Checkmate’s founder and current President and CEO, will assume the newly-created role of Chief Scientific Officer (Press release, Checkmate Pharmaceuticals, DEC 12, 2018, View Source [SID1234532035]). Both Mr. Labinger and Dr. Krieg will serve on Checkmate’s Board of Directors.

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Checkmate also announced the completion of a $22 million financing led by a new investor, Decheng Capital. The financing also included participation from existing investors, Sofinnova, venBio, and F-Prime.

"Checkmate’s encouraging early clinical data provide a strong foundation for its further growth as a leading cancer immunotherapy company with broad potential. Barry’s deep experience in oncology drug development and commercialization, along with this additional funding, will support Checkmate’s further progress," commented Mike Powell, Chairman of the Board of Checkmate, and General Partner, Sofinnova Ventures. "Art has successfully led the company to this critical stage in its growth, including this planned leadership transition. We are delighted to have Barry as CEO and Art as CSO. We are confident that they will successfully guide Checkmate to its next stage of evolution," continued Dr. Powell.

Mr. Barry Labinger brings to Checkmate nearly three decades of pharmaceutical and biotech industry experience, most recently serving as President, CEO, and Director of Biothera Pharmaceuticals, a clinical stage cancer immunotherapy company focused on innate immune activation. Prior to Biothera, he was Executive Vice President and President, Biosciences Division, at Emergent BioSolutions Inc., where he led the development and commercialization of oncology, immunology, and hematology products and product candidates. He previously held leadership roles at Human Genome Sciences, 3M Pharmaceuticals, and Immunex.

"I firmly believe in the importance of innate immune activation to enhance the benefits of other cancer immunotherapeutics," said Mr. Labinger. "CMP-001 has demonstrated best-in-class potential, and I’m excited to join Art, the Checkmate team, and our Board to maximize the potential of CMP-001 to improve outcomes for cancer patients."

"My initial goal in founding Checkmate was to determine if intratumoral TLR9 activation could induce tumor regression in anti-PD-1 refractory advanced cancer patients," Dr. Krieg commented. "Now that we have achieved that goal, I am delighted to turn over Checkmate’s leadership to Barry, so that I can focus my own efforts on the further scientific development of our platform. I believe that our complementary experience and our shared vision will enable us to accelerate and maximize Checkmate’s further development."

Proceeds from the financing will support ongoing clinical development of Checkmate’s lead product CMP-001 in advanced melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) refractory to prior anti-PD-1 therapy, along with expansion into additional solid tumor types.

On December 12, 2018 Gibson Oncology, LLC ("Gibson"), a privately held clinical stage company developing a novel class of oncology drugs for treating adult and pediatric cancers resistant to traditional cancer drugs, reported that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted Rare Pediatric Disease Designation (RPDD) to LMP-400, Gibson’s novel small molecule topoisomerase 1inhibitor for the treatment of Ewing sarcoma, a rare pediatric cancer (Press release, Gibson Oncology, DEC 12, 2018, View Source [SID1234532034]). LMP-400 has successfully completed multiple phase I human clinical trials as a single agent in advanced stage cancer patients with demonstrated anti-cancer activity and improved safety attributes over first generation topoisomerase inhibitors.

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Mr. Randall Riggs, President & CEO of Gibson Oncology, stated that "Gibson Oncology is excited that the U.S. FDA has granted LMP-400 RPDD, which has the potential to greatly benefit kids diagnosed with Ewing Sarcoma. We intend to conduct phase 2 trials with LMP-400 that will employ a recently discovered biomarker called Schlafen11 to select pediatric patients most likely to respond."

In a previous study performed at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) by Dr. Pommier et. al., cancer cells expressing high levels of Schlafen11 were hypersensitive to LMP-400. Ewing Sarcoma patients commonly have very high expression levels of Schlafen11 and are therefore excellent candidates for treatment with LMP-400.

The FDA grants RPDD for diseases that primarily affect children from birth to age 18, and affect fewer than 200,000 persons in the U.S. This program is intended to encourage development of new drugs and biologics for the prevention and treatment of rare pediatric diseases.

About Ewing Sarcoma

Ewing sarcoma is the second most common bone malignancy among children and adolescents. According to a study published in the Journal of Hematology/Oncology, the incidence is about 3 cases per 1 million per year in children younger than age 20. Despite the favorable prognosis, an American Cancer Society study showed that approximately 30-40% of patients develop metastases or local recurrence, and the long-term survival rate for refractory or recurrent disease is only 22-24%. The relapsed and refractory statistics underscore the need for new treatment options.

On December 12, 2018 AVEO Oncology (NASDAQ: AVEO) reported that it has entered into a clinical collaboration with AstraZeneca to evaluate the safety and efficacy of AstraZeneca’s IMFINZI (durvalumab), a human monoclonal antibody directed against programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), in combination with FOTIVDA (tivozanib), AVEO’s oral, once-daily, potent and highly-selective vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (VEGFR-TKI) in first-line hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), or liver cancer, in a Phase 1/2 study (Press release, AVEO, DEC 12, 2018, View Source [SID1234532033]).

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AVEO will serve as the study sponsor, with study costs shared equally by both parties and clinical drug supplied by each respective company. The Phase 1 portion of the study is expected to commence in 2019.

"We are thrilled to collaborate with AstraZeneca to explore another tivozanib-immunotherapy combination and look forward to understanding the potential of combining tivozanib with durvalumab in liver cancer," said Michael Bailey, president and chief executive officer of AVEO. "TKI-immunotherapy combinations have demonstrated important clinical potential across multiple tumor types, though toxicities associated with these combinations have limited their potential use. Our goal is to establish tivozanib as the TKI of choice for use with immunotherapies by demonstrating efficacy with reduced toxicity."

About Tivozanib (FOTIVDA)

Tivozanib (FOTIVDA) is an oral, once-daily, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) discovered by Kyowa Hakko Kirin and approved for the treatment of adult patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in the European Union plus Norway and Iceland. It is a potent, selective and long half-life inhibitor of all three VEGF receptors and is designed to optimize VEGF blockade while minimizing off-target toxicities, potentially resulting in improved efficacy and minimal dose modifications.1,2 Tivozanib has been shown to significantly reduce regulatory T-cell production in preclinical models3, and has demonstrated synergy in combination with nivolumab (anti PD-1) in a Phase 2 study in RCC. Tivozanib has been investigated in several tumors types, including renal cell, hepatocellular, colorectal and breast cancers.

About Durvalumab (IMFINZI)

Durvalumab (IMFINZI) is a human monoclonal antibody that binds to PD-L1 and blocks the interaction of PD-L1 with PD-1 and CD80, countering the tumor’s immune-evading tactics and releasing the inhibition of immune responses. As part of a broad development program, durvalumab is being investigated as monotherapy and in combination with immuno-oncology (IO) agents, small molecules, and chemotherapies across a range of tumors and stages of disease.