On March 11, 2025 Xilio Therapeutics, Inc. (Nasdaq: XLO), a clinical-stage biotechnology company discovering and developing tumor-activated immuno-oncology therapies for people living with cancer, reported pipeline progress and business updates and announced financial results for the fourth quarter and full year ended December 31, 2024 (Press release, Xilio Therapeutics, MAR 11, 2025, View Source [SID1234651074]).

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"We started 2025 with multiple promising updates across our pipeline, including encouraging initial Phase 2 combination data for vilastobart, our tumor-activated anti-CTLA-4, in patients with late-line MSS CRC, a difficult to treat, immunologically cold tumor type that is increasing in incidence, particularly in younger people," said René Russo, Pharm.D., president and chief executive officer of Xilio. "These data included a preliminary 27% objective response rate in patients without liver metastases and continue to support a differentiated safety profile, including a low incidence of immune-related adverse events and only 5% of patients reporting colitis. We look forward to reporting additional data from the ongoing Phase 2 trial in the middle of this year."

Dr. Russo added, "In addition, we are excited to be advancing multiple novel masked T cell engager programs internally and as part of our recently announced collaboration with AbbVie. Each of these programs leverages our clinically-validated, tumor-activation technology, which we believe has great potential to enhance the activity and tolerability of T cell engagers and open up promising new targets within this class of immunotherapies."

Pipeline and Business Updates

Vilastobart: tumor-activated, Fc-enhanced, high affinity binding anti-CTLA-4

Vilastobart is an investigational tumor-activated, Fc-enhanced, high affinity binding anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody designed to block CTLA-4 and deplete regulatory T cells when activated in the tumor microenvironment (TME).

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In January 2025, Xilio announced encouraging initial data from its ongoing Phase 2 clinical trial evaluating vilastobart at a dose of 100 mg once every six weeks (Q6W) in combination with atezolizumab (Tecentriq) at 1200 mg once every three weeks (Q3W) in patients with metastatic microsatellite stable colorectal cancer (MSS CRC). As of a data cutoff date of January 13, 2025, these data demonstrated a preliminary 27% objective response rate in patients without liver metastases, and responses were accompanied by decreases in levels of serum tumor biomarkers (carcinoembryonic antigen and circulating tumor DNA) as well as improvement in clinical symptoms. In addition, as of the data cutoff date, the combination was generally well-tolerated, with patients experiencing a low incidence of immune-related adverse events and only 5% of patients reporting colitis. These safety data continue to support the potential for vilastobart to be a differentiated next-generation anti-CTLA-4 in combination with PD-(L)1 inhibitors. For more information, read the press release here.

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Xilio expects to report updated data from the Phase 2 clinical trial in the middle of 2025, including additional response assessments and follow-up. In addition, Xilio continues to enroll patients in Phase 1C (combination dose escalation) evaluating vilastobart at the 150 mg Q6W dose level in combination with atezolizumab at 1200 mg Q3W.

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Based on the promising initial Phase 2 proof-of-concept data, Xilio plans to seek opportunities for partnering to accelerate and expand further development of vilastobart.

XTX301: tumor-activated IL-12

XTX301 is an investigational tumor-activated IL-12 designed to potently stimulate anti-tumor immunity and reprogram the TME of poorly immunogenic "cold" tumors towards an inflamed or "hot" state. In March 2024, Xilio entered into an exclusive license agreement with Gilead Sciences, Inc. (Gilead) related to Xilio’s tumor-activated IL-12 program, including XTX301.

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In December 2024, Xilio announced preliminary data from its ongoing Phase 1 clinical trial of XTX301 in patients with advanced solid tumors. As of the data cutoff date of November 25, 2024, XTX301 was generally well-tolerated, and no patients experienced a dose limiting toxicity or a dose reduction due to a treatment-related adverse event. In addition, XTX301 showed evidence of sustained interferon gamma signaling without evidence of tachyphylaxis throughout treatment cycles. Tachyphylaxis has historically limited other IL-12 agents. For more information, read the press release here.

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A maximum tolerated dose has not yet been established, and Xilio continues to enroll patients in Phase 1A monotherapy dose escalation and Phase 1B monotherapy dose expansion of the ongoing Phase 1 clinical trial of XTX301.

XTX501: masked PD-1/IL-2 bispecific

XTX501 is a novel, tumor-activated bispecific PD-1/IL-2 designed to selectively stimulate PD-1 positive, antigen-experienced T cells and enhance their function. XTX501 incorporates masking designed to overcome IL-2 receptor-mediated clearance and peripheral activity. In preclinical studies, XTX501 demonstrated robust monotherapy activity (including in settings insensitive to PD-1) and tumor-selective pharmacodynamics consistent with its intended mechanism of action. Xilio is currently advancing XTX501 in investigational new drug (IND) application enabling studies and plans to submit an IND application for XTX501 in the middle of 2026.

Masked T Cell Engager Programs

Xilio is leveraging its proprietary, clinically-validated tumor-activation platform to advance multiple preclinical programs for masked T cell engagers, including wholly-owned programs targeting the tumor-associated antigens for PSMA, CLDN18.2 and STEAP1 and an additional program in collaboration with AbbVie.

Xilio’s masked T cell engager programs include bispecific molecules designed using its advanced tumor-activated cell engager (ATACR) format, which consists of a T cell engager with a masked CD3 targeting domain, and tri-specific molecules designed using its selective effector-enhanced cell engager (SEECR) format. The SEECR format builds upon the ATACR format by adding co-stimulatory signaling designed to further enhance potency and T cell activation.

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PSMA has demonstrated potential as a T cell engager target for prostate cancer. Xilio anticipates nominating a development candidate for its PSMA program in the ATACR format in the third quarter of 2025 and submitting an IND application in the first quarter of 2027.

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CLDN18.2 has broad potential as a T cell engager target for gastric, pancreatic, esophageal and lung cancers. Xilio anticipates nominating a development candidate for its CLDN18.2 program in the ATACR format in the fourth quarter of 2025 and submitting an IND application in the second quarter of 2027.

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STEAP1 has broad potential as a T cell engager target for prostate, colorectal and lung cancers. Xilio anticipates nominating a development candidate for its STEAP1 program in the SEECR format in the first half of 2026 and submitting an IND application in the second half of 2027.

Corporate Updates

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In February 2025, Xilio announced a collaboration, license and option agreement with AbbVie leveraging Xilio’s proprietary tumor-activation technology and platform to discover and develop novel tumor-activated immunotherapies, including masked T cell engagers. In the first quarter of 2025, Xilio received $52.0 million in upfront payments from AbbVie, including a $10.0 million equity investment, and Xilio will be eligible to receive up to approximately $2.1 billion in total contingent payments for option-related fees and milestones plus tiered royalties. For more information, read the joint press release here.

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In December 2024, Xilio announced the appointment of Caroline Hensley as chief legal officer.

Year-End and Fourth Quarter 2024 Financial Results

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Cash Position: Cash and cash equivalents were $55.3 million as of December 31, 2024, compared to $44.7 million as of December 31, 2023. In the first quarter of 2025, Xilio received $52.0 million in upfront payments in connection with the collaboration agreement with AbbVie.

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License Revenue: License revenue was $1.7 million for the quarter ended December 31, 2024, and $6.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, which consisted of revenue recognized under the license agreement and stock purchase agreement with Gilead. No license revenue was recognized for the quarter and year ended December 31, 2023.

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Research & Development (R&D) Expenses: R&D expenses were $8.8 million for the quarter ended December 31, 2024, compared to $11.7 million for the quarter ended December 31, 2023. R&D expenses were $41.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $52.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The year-over-year decrease was primarily driven by decreased clinical development activities for XTX202, a masked IL-2, as a result of discontinuing further investment in XTX202, decreased spending related to early-stage programs and indirect research and development costs, decreased personnel-related costs and decreased manufacturing costs for XTX301, partially offset by increased clinical development activities for vilastobart and XTX301.

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General & Administrative (G&A) Expenses: G&A expenses were $6.5 million for the quarter ended December 31, 2024, compared to $6.4 million for the quarter ended December 31, 2023. G&A expenses were $24.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $27.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The year-over-year decrease was primarily driven by decreases in personnel-related costs, professional and consulting fees and directors’ and officers’ liability insurance, partially offset by an increase in legal fees.

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Net Loss: Net loss was $13.1 million for the quarter ended December 31, 2024, compared to $17.7 million for the quarter ended December 31, 2023. Net loss was $58.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $76.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Financial Guidance

Based on its current operating plans, Xilio anticipates that its cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2024, together with the $52.0 million in upfront payments received in the first quarter of 2025 in connection with the collaboration agreement with AbbVie, will be sufficient to enable it to fund its operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements into the first quarter of 2026.

About Vilastobart and the Phase 1/2 Combination Clinical Trial

Vilastobart is an investigational tumor-activated, Fc-enhanced, high affinity binding anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody designed to block CTLA-4 and deplete regulatory T cells when activated in the tumor microenvironment (TME). In 2023, Xilio entered into a co-funded clinical trial collaboration with Roche to evaluate vilastobart in combination with atezolizumab (Tecentriq) in a multi-center, open-label Phase 1/2 clinical trial. Xilio is currently evaluating the safety of the combination in Phase 1C dose escalation in patients with advanced solid tumors and the safety and efficacy of the combination in Phase 2 in patients with metastatic microsatellite stable colorectal cancer with and without liver metastases. Please refer to NCT04896697 on www.clinicaltrials.gov for additional details.

About XTX301 and the Phase 1 Clinical Trial

XTX301 is an investigational masked IL-12 designed to potently stimulate anti-tumor immunity and reprogram the tumor microenvironment (TME) of poorly immunogenic "cold" tumors towards an inflamed or "hot" state. In March 2024, Xilio entered into an exclusive license agreement with Gilead Sciences, Inc. for Xilio’s tumor-activated IL-12 program, including XTX301. Xilio is currently evaluating the safety and tolerability of XTX301 as a monotherapy in patients with advanced solid tumors in a first-in-human, multi-center, open-label Phase 1 clinical trial. Please refer to NCT05684965 on www.clinicaltrials.gov for additional details.

On March 11, 2025 Werewolf Therapeutics, Inc. (the "Company" or "Werewolf") (Nasdaq: HOWL), an innovative biopharmaceutical company pioneering the development of conditionally activated therapeutics engineered to stimulate the body’s immune system for the treatment of cancer and other immune-mediated conditions, reported a business update and announced financial results for the fourth quarter and full year ended December 31, 2024 (Press release, Werewolf Therapeutics, MAR 11, 2025, View Source [SID1234651073]).

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"Werewolf made considerable progress in 2024 with promising preliminary evidence of durable anti-tumor activity and tolerability for cytokine therapeutics as we completed the dose-escalation phase of our Phase 1/1b clinical trial in both monotherapy and in combination with pembrolizumab," said Daniel J. Hicklin, Ph.D., President and Chief Executive Officer of Werewolf. "We expect to build on these promising data in 2025, targeting full enrollment in the monotherapy cutaneous melanoma dose-expansion arm of the WTX-124 Phase 1/1b clinical trial by the end of the first half of 2025, and in combination with pembrolizumab by the end of the year. These data will guide conversations with regulators on potential registrational pathways for WTX-124 in the second half of the year. We anticipate providing a clinical data readout for both monotherapy and combination data and providing an update on our plans for further clinical development of WTX-124 in the fourth quarter of 2025. In addition, our PREDATOR platform continues to demonstrate its effectiveness as we presented updated interim safety, pharmacokinetics, biomarker, and efficacy data from the WTX-330 Phase 1 clinical trial at SITC (Free SITC Whitepaper) in November, which demonstrated anti-tumor activity in patients with refractory solid tumors. A Phase 1/2 dose and regimen-finding clinical trial is expected to be initiated by the end of the first quarter of 2025, which includes expansion arms in specific indications."

Recent Highlights and Upcoming Milestones
WTX-124: a systemically delivered, conditionally activated Interleukin-2 (IL-2) INDUKINE molecule being developed as monotherapy and in combination with pembrolizumab in multiple solid tumor types.
•Werewolf continues to evaluate WTX-124 as a monotherapy and in combination with pembrolizumab through the ongoing Phase 1/1b clinical trial evaluating the INDUKINE molecule in multiple solid tumor types.
•WTX-124 has shown promising monotherapy activity and an improved tolerability profile versus high dose IL-2 in heavily pretreated patients refractory to all standard-of-care therapies, including immune checkpoint inhibitors. The Company has selected 18 mg administered intravenously every two weeks (IV Q2W) as the recommended dose for monotherapy expansion arms in metastatic melanoma, renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC), as well as combination expansion arms in metastatic melanoma, RCC, and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

•Of the five previously disclosed objective responses, one monotherapy and two combination responses continue to demonstrate no evidence of disease progression, with the monotherapy complete response ongoing at greater than one year off therapy, one combination response improving from a confirmed partial response to a complete response, and both combination responses ongoing at greater than eight months.
•The cutaneous melanoma monotherapy dose-expansion arm of the Phase 1/1b clinical trial evaluating WTX-124 in a more homogeneous, less heavily pre-treated patient population is expected to be fully enrolled in the first half of 2025, and the cutaneous melanoma dose-expansion arm evaluating WTX-124 in combination with pembrolizumab is expected to be fully enrolled by the end of 2025. The Company expects to use the monotherapy and combination data to engage with regulators to discuss potential registrational pathways for WTX-124, including strategies for accelerated approval, in the second half of 2025.
•Anticipated presentation of interim data from monotherapy and combination expansion arms in the fourth quarter of 2025.
WTX-330: a systemically delivered, conditionally activated Interleukin-12 (IL-12) INDUKINE molecule being developed in advanced or metastatic solid tumors.
•Presented an interim update from the Phase 1 clinical trial highlighting the tolerability profile and monotherapy efficacy signals of WTX-330 at the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) (Free SITC Whitepaper)’s (SITC) (Free SITC Whitepaper) 39th annual meeting in November 2024.
•On track to initiate a Phase 1/2 dose- and regimen-finding clinical trial by the end of the first quarter of 2025 to optimize the exposure of WTX-330 in the tumor microenvironment.
•Pending data from Phase 1/2 dose- and regimen-finding trial, anticipate opening expansion arms in selected tumor types.
Preclinical Portfolio: includes development candidates WTX-712 and WTX-518, our Interleukin-21 (IL-21) and binding protein resistant Interleukin-18 (IL-18) INDUKINE molecules, respectively, for treatment of cancer, and WTX-921, a first-of-its-kind Interleukin-10 (IL-10) INDUKINE molecule for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and potentially other inflammatory diseases.
Financial Results for the Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2024:
•Cash position: As of December 31, 2024, cash and cash equivalents were $111.0 million, compared to $134.3 million as of December 31, 2023. The Company also had restricted cash and cash equivalents of $1.2 million and $21.2 million as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The Company believes its existing cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 2024 will be sufficient to fund operational expenses and capital expenditure requirements through at least the second quarter of 2026.
•Collaboration revenue: No collaboration was recognized during fourth quarter of 2024 due to the fact that Werewolf substantially completed its performance obligations under the collaboration agreement with Jazz Pharmaceuticals (Jazz) during the second quarter of 2024. Comparatively, collaboration revenue was $1.5 million for the fourth quarter of 2023. Collaboration revenue was $1.9 million for the full year 2024, compared to $19.9 million for the same period in 2023. Collaboration revenue consists of revenue recognized from the Company’s licensing agreement with Jazz and includes fixed payments received from Jazz, plus costs incurred for research services to be reimbursed by Jazz.
•Research and development expenses: Research and development expenses were $15.7 million for the fourth quarter of 2024, compared to $9.6 million for the same period in 2023. Research and development expenses were $56.4 million for the full year 2024, compared to $41.8 million for the full year 2023.
•General and administrative expenses: General and administrative expenses were $4.6 million for the fourth quarter of 2024, compared to $4.8 million for the same period in 2023. General and administrative expenses were $19.0 million for the full year 2024, compared to $18.7 million for the full year 2023.
•Net loss: Net loss was $20.4 million for the fourth quarter of 2024, compared to $12.0 million for the same period in 2023. Net loss was $70.5 million for the full year 2024, compared to $37.4 million for the full year 2023.

On March 11, 2025 Peptomyc SL, a Spanish clinical-stage biotech company spin-off of the Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO) and the Catalan Institute of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) in Barcelona, reported that in February the first patient of its Phase 2 clinical trial in pediatric and adult patients with advanced osteosarcoma was successfully treated with OMO-103, the first direct pan-Myc inhibitor to have successfully completed a Phase 1 clinical trial (Press release, Peptomyc, MAR 11, 2025, View Source [SID1234651072]).

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This investigator-initiated trial conducted by VHIO in Barcelona, Spain, is sponsored by The Osteosarcoma Institute (OSI), whose mission is to dramatically increase treatment options and survival rates in osteosarcoma patients through identifying and funding the most promising and breakthrough osteosarcoma clinical trials and science. This trial is also supported in collaboration with Curing Kids Cancer, The Morgan Adams Foundation, and The Kristen Ann Carr Fund.

Dr. Claudia Morales Valverde, Senior Researcher of the Genitourinary, Central Nervous System (CNS) Tumors, Sarcoma, and Cancer of Unknown Primary Site Group at VHIO in Barcelona and Principal Investigator of the trial said, "This is the first use of a MYC inhibitor in osteosarcoma patients, and we are glad to conduct this seminal study at the Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO) – Vall d’Hebron University Hospital." Peptomyc Chief Medical Officer, Dr. Manuela Niewel added, "MYC is an oncogene deregulated in the majority of human cancers and especially amplified in osteosarcomas. Inhibiting MYC with OMO-103, we hope to make a difference for this underserved patient population."

Peptomyc Chief Executive Officer, Dr. Laura Soucek concluded "We are extremely grateful to the OSI and VHIO for this study and for having enabled this important milestone for osteosarcoma patients."

The Phase 2 trial (OSTEOMYC) aims at evaluating the safety and clinical activity, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of OMO-103 in advanced osteosarcoma. The primary efficacy endpoint is progression-free survival (PFS) at 16 weeks per RECIST criteria. Secondary endpoints include Overall Response Rate (ORR) per RECIST and overall survival. The trial is enrolling patients at Vall d’Hebron University Hospital in Barcelona, Spain. More information about the trial is available at: View Source

On March 11, 2025 Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc. (Nasdaq: NBIX) reported that it will participate at the Stifel 2025 Virtual CNS Forum at 1:30 p.m. Eastern Time on Tuesday, March 18, 2025 (Press release, Neurocrine Biosciences, MAR 11, 2025, View Source [SID1234651071]). Chief Executive Officer Kyle Gano and Chief Medical Officer Eiry Roberts will present at the conference.

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The live webcast can be accessed on Neurocrine Biosciences’ website under Investors at www.neurocrine.com. A replay of the webcast will be available on the website approximately one hour after the conclusion of the events and will be archived for approximately one month.

On March 11, 2025 Mural Oncology plc (Nasdaq: MURA), a clinical-stage immuno-oncology company developing novel, investigational engineered therapies targeting cytokine pathways designed to address areas of unmet need for patients with a variety of cancers, reported its financial results for the fourth quarter and year ended December 31, 2024 and provided a business update (Press release, Mural Oncology, MAR 11, 2025, View Source [SID1234651070]).

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"By prioritizing operational efficiency and execution in 2024, we delivered on our milestones and positioned ourselves for a pivotal 2025, with several key inflection points anticipated for our nemvaleukin program. Late this quarter or early next quarter, we will report the interim overall survival analysis for ARTISTRY-7, a potentially registrational trial in platinum-resistant ovarian cancer. As is typical for interim analyses, the bar for success is high. We believe that either declaring the trial complete at the interim analysis or deciding to progress the trial to a final analysis based on the available overall survival data would be a meaningful step forward both for patients and for Mural. Additionally, topline data from ARTISTRY-6 in mucosal melanoma, expected in the second quarter of 2025, represents another potentially significant opportunity for impact and value creation," said Caroline Loew, Ph.D., CEO of Mural Oncology.

Recent Corporate Highlights

In January 2025, Mural announced that, consistent with the company’s prior timing projections, the phase 3 ARTISTRY-7 trial reached the 75% of overall survival (OS) events necessary for the planned interim analysis. This data remains blinded to the company until after the independent data monitoring committee (IDMC) has reviewed the interim analysis, which is expected to be in late Q1/early Q2 2025.

In January 2025, the company also announced that patient enrollment in cohort 3 of the phase 2 ARTISTRY-6 trial is now complete.

Mural expanded its pipeline in Q4 2024 by nominating two development candidates:

MURA-8518, the company’s interleukin-18 (IL-18) program, is designed to deliver a more sustained immune response by introducing half-life extension and resistance to IL-18 Binding Protein (IL-18BP), which otherwise neutralizes the native cytokine’s efficacy.
MURA-7012, Mural’s IL-12 program, is designed to leverage native IL-12’s anti-tumor potency while mitigating its hallmark toxicity. It splits the IL-12p70 heterodimer into two individual sub-units designed to preferentially self-assemble at the tumor site to limit systemic exposure.
Upcoming Milestones

Late Q1/early Q2 2025: Interim data readout of ARTISTRY-7

ARTISTRY-7 is a potentially registrational phase 3 trial evaluating nemvaleukin alfa in combination with pembrolizumab versus investigator’s choice single agent chemotherapy in patients with platinum-resistant ovarian cancer (PROC). Consistent with interim analyses, there is a higher statistical bar for success at the interim analysis compared to the final analysis. If the hazard ratio at the interim analysis meets this pre-specified higher bar for success at the interim analysis (0.727, or a 27.3% reduction in the risk of death assuming exactly 215 OS events), the company plans to submit a Biologics License Application (BLA) for nemvaleukin in combination with pembrolizumab for the treatment of PROC in 2025. If the hazard ratio does not meet the statistical threshold for success at the interim analysis and the company deems the study to have a high probability of success at the final analysis, Mural expects to continue the trial to the protocol-specified final OS. At the final OS analysis, the maximum hazard ratio for success is 0.788, or a 21.2% reduction in the risk of death, assuming exactly 286 events. In that scenario, the company expects to report final OS result in the second quarter of 2026, subject to event accrual.

Q2 2025: Top-line data readout of ARTISTRY-6, Cohort 2

ARTISTRY-6, cohort 2 is a potentially registrational phase 2 trial of nemvaleukin monotherapy in patients with unresectable or metastatic mucosal melanoma previously treated with immune checkpoint blockade. Nemvaleukin has been granted Orphan Drug Designation by the United States Food & Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of mucosal melanoma. The target response rate in the ARTISTRY-6 trial is 25%. Mural believes that in this rare and highly aggressive tumor, which has historically had poor outcomes even in the first line setting, demonstrating durable responses with a response rate of 20-25% would be meaningful for patients, and would support a discussion with the FDA regarding a BLA submission and potential accelerated approval.

1H 2025: Preliminary data readout of ARTISTRY-6, Cohort 3

This trial is an evaluation of less-frequent intravenous (LFIV) dosing of nemvaleukin monotherapy in patients with cutaneous melanoma. The company is conducting the trial to evaluate the activity and further characterize the safety of nemvaleukin with LFIV dosing in patients with cutaneous melanoma.

2H 2025: Preliminary data readout of ARTISTRY-6, Cohort 4

This trial is an evaluation of LFIV dosing of nemvaleukin in combination with pembrolizumab in patients with cutaneous melanoma.

1H 2026: Submission of Investigational New Drug or Clinical Trial Application for a phase 1 trial of MURA-8518

MURA-8518 is Mural’s IL-18 development candidate. Native IL-18 is a potent immune-stimulating cytokine, but its activity is blunted by IL-18BP, a high affinity decoy protein that neutralizes IL-18, thereby rendering it ineffective. The native cytokine’s potency is also limited by its short half-life. MURA-8518 aims to address these shortcomings in two ways. First, through the introduction of mutations designed to minimally impact the native structure while eliminating binding to IL-18BP. Secondly, half-life extension via fusion to a protein scaffold increases the cytokine’s exposure, allowing for sustained immune stimulation. Together, these have demonstrated more durable immunological effects in preclinical studies.

Financial Results for the Quarter Ended December 31, 2024

Cash Position: As of December 31, 2024, cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities were $144.4 million.

R&D Expenses: Research and development expenses were $28.7 million for the fourth quarter of 2024 compared to $42.2 million for the fourth quarter of 2023. This decrease was primarily due to a decrease in employee-related expenses, including a non-cash share-based employee compensation charge in the fourth quarter of 2023 as a result of the impact of the modification of our share based-awards in connection with the separation from Alkermes plc ("Alkermes"), our former parent.

In addition, the timing of patient enrollment in the ARTISTRY-7 trial, as well as the winding down of the ARTISTRY-1 and ARTISTRY-2 trials during 2024 also contributed to the decrease in R&D expenses in the fourth quarter of 2024, as compared to the fourth quarter of 2023.

G&A Expenses: General and administrative expenses were $7.2 million for the fourth quarter of 2024 compared to $16.3 million for the fourth quarter of 2023. This decrease in G&A expenses was primarily due to a decrease in employee-related expenses compared to those previously allocated to us by Alkermes prior to the separation and to one-time increases in employee related expenses in 2023, including a non-cash share-based employee compensation charge in the fourth quarter of 2023 as a result of the impact of the modification of our share based-awards in connection with the separation.

Net Loss: Net loss was $34.3 million for the fourth quarter of 2024 compared to $59.5 million for the fourth quarter of 2023. The net loss for the fourth quarter of 2023 included $11.7 million resulting from one-time charges related to the separation from Alkermes and conversion of Alkermes employee equity awards into Mural equity.

Financial Guidance: Mural’s cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities as of December 31, 2024 are expected to fund its operations into the first quarter of 2026.