On December 15, 2025 Pilatus Biosciences Inc., a biopharmaceutical company developing novel metabolic checkpoint immunotherapies for liver and gastrointestinal cancers, reported that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has cleared the company’s Investigational New Drug (IND) application for PLT012, a first-in-class anti-CD36 monoclonal antibody, to enter clinical development for the treatment of solid tumors. Pilatus plans to initiate this Phase 1 clinical trial in the first quarter of 2026.

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PLT012 is a first-in-class metabolic checkpoint antibody designed to block CD36-mediated lipid uptake and immune suppression within the tumor microenvironment. CD36 is an immunometabolic regulator highly expressed on exhausted T cells, regulatory T cells, and tumor-associated macrophages, but is far less prevalent in healthy tissues.

By targeting CD36, PLT012 is engineered to restore metabolic fitness in cytotoxic T cells, reduce immunosuppressive cell populations, and promote stronger anti-tumor immune responses. In preclinical models, PLT012 demonstrated monotherapy activity across immune-hot and immune-cold tumors and showed potential synergy with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, supporting its development as both a single agent and a combination therapy.

"PLT012 represents a fundamentally new approach to treating solid tumors by addressing the metabolic dysfunction that underlies immune exhaustion," said Raven Lin, Ph.D., Co-Founder and CEO, Pilatus Biosciences. "Leveraging our deep expertise in metabolic immunology, PLT012 was developed to simultaneously enhance effector T cell function and suppress tumor-promoting immune populations, while maintaining a favorable safety profile. We believe this dual-action metabolic checkpoint mechanism has the potential to deliver meaningful benefits for patients whose tumors do not respond to existing immunotherapies. We look forward to initiating our Phase 1 clinical trial of PLT012 early next year."

"Targeting CD36 represents a promising new way to reshape the tumor microenvironment," said the trial lead principal investigator, Anthony El-Khoueiry, M.D., Verna R. Richter Chair in Cancer Research, Associate Director for Clinical Research and Chief of Section of Developmental Therapeutics/Phase I Program at USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, part of Keck Medicine of USC, and Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine at Keck School of Medicine of USC. "PLT012’s ability to modulate metabolic dysfunction and reinvigorate exhausted T cells positions it as a potentially important therapeutic option for tumors that do not respond to current immunotherapies."

The upcoming Phase 1, first-in-human clinical trial will evaluate safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and preliminary signs of clinical activity, with expansion cohorts planned for tumor types strongly influenced by CD36-mediated metabolic dysregulation. Pilatus has also received FDA Orphan Drug Status for PLT012 for the treatment of liver and intrahepatic bile duct cancers.

"The hepatic microenvironment is tolerogenic and macrophage-rich which can dampen effector T-cell activity, contributing to weaker responses to immunotherapy treatments for HCC and liver metastases," said Anthony W Tolcher, M.D., FRCPC, FACP of New Experimental Therapeutics (NEXT), San Antonio, Texas. "Preclinical data has shown that PLT012 can overcome this immunogenically cold environment and elicit strong anticancer effects, which we hope will be translated into improved patient outcomes in the planned Phase 1 clinical trial."

About PLT012

PLT012 is a humanized monoclonal antibody designed to selectively block CD36-mediated lipid uptake, a key mechanism driving immunosuppression and immune exclusion within the tumor microenvironment. By targeting lipid metabolism, PLT012 exerts a unique mechanism of action: it reduces immunosuppressive cell populations, including Tregs and pro-tumor macrophages, while simultaneously enhancing anti-tumor activities of intratumoral NK cell and cytotoxic CD8+ T cell that are otherwise susceptible to lipid-induced exhaustion. In preclinical studies, PLT012 has demonstrated potent monotherapy efficacy in models of liver malignancies, with a favorable safety profile across species. Leveraging its distinct mechanism of action, PLT012 further acts as a potent sensitizer in combination with anti–PD-L1 therapies, effectively overcoming drug resistance in immune "cold" tumors and liver metastases.

(Press release, Pilatus Biosciences, DEC 15, 2025, View Source [SID1234661446])

On December 15, 2025 AstraZeneca and Daiichi Sankyo reported that Enhertu (trastuzumab deruxtecan) in combination with pertuzumab has been approved in the US for the 1st-line treatment of adult patients with unresectable or metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer, as determined by a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved test.

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The approval follows Priority Review and Breakthrough Therapy Designation by the FDA and is based on the results of the DESTINY-Breast09 Phase III trial. The data were presented at the 2025 American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) (Free ASCO Whitepaper) Annual Meeting and published in The New England Journal of Medicine.1

Sara Tolaney, MD, MPH, Chief of the Division of Breast Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and principal investigator for the trial, said: "Trastuzumab deruxtecan plus pertuzumab is the only 1st-line treatment approved in more than a decade to demonstrate a statistically significant improvement in progression-free survival over the current standard regimen for patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. With a median progression-free survival exceeding three years, versus approximately two years with THP, trastuzumab deruxtecan combined with pertuzumab should become a new 1st-line standard of care in this setting."

Dave Fredrickson, Executive Vice President, Oncology Haematology Business Unit, AstraZeneca, said: "With this approval, we are bringing Enhertu to the earliest setting for HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer, where optimising efficacy has an important impact on long‑term outcomes. The treatment approach with Enhertu plus pertuzumab in DESTINY-Breast09 sets a new benchmark of more than three years without disease progression or death for patients in this setting."

Ken Keller, Global Head of Oncology Business, and President and CEO, Daiichi Sankyo, said: "Since its initial approval six years ago, Enhertu has transformed the treatment of HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. With this approval of Enhertu in the 1st-line HER2-positive metastatic setting, Enhertu once again offers significant improvements in progression-free survival and has practice-changing potential when used in combination with pertuzumab."

In the trial, Enhertu in combination with pertuzumab reduced the risk of disease progression or death by 44% versus a taxane, trastuzumab and pertuzumab (THP) (based on a hazard ratio of 0.56; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.44-0.71; p<0.0001) as a 1st-line treatment for patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Median progression-free survival (PFS) was 40.7 months with Enhertu plus pertuzumab compared to 26.9 months for THP. The PFS benefit for Enhertu plus pertuzumab versus THP was consistent across subgroups.1

The safety profile of Enhertu plus pertuzumab in DESTINY-Breast09 was consistent with the known profiles of each individual therapy with no new safety concerns identified.

Enhertu is a specifically engineered HER2-directed DXd antibody drug conjugate (ADC) discovered by Daiichi Sankyo and being jointly developed and commercialised by AstraZeneca and Daiichi Sankyo.

This application was approved under the FDA’s Real-Time Oncology Review (RTOR), an initiative by the FDA to ensure safe and effective treatments are available to patients as early as possible.

This US regulatory submission was also reviewed under Project Orbis, which provides a framework for concurrent submission and review of oncology medicines among participating international partners. As part of Project Orbis, the Enhertu plus pertuzumab 1st-line regimen is under review by Switzerland’s Swissmedic (SMC) and Singapore’s Health Sciences Authority (HSA). Separate regulatory applications are also under review in other countries.

Financial considerations
Following this approval in the US, an amount of $150m is due from AstraZeneca to Daiichi Sankyo as a milestone payment for the 1st-line unresectable or metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer indication. Sales of Enhertu in the US are recognised by Daiichi Sankyo. For further details on the financial arrangements, please consult the collaboration agreement from March 2019.

Notes

HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer
Breast cancer is the second most common cancer and one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide.2 More than two million breast cancer cases were diagnosed in 2022, with more than 665,000 deaths globally.2 In the US, more than 300,000 cases of breast cancer are diagnosed annually with more than 42,000 deaths.3 While survival rates are high for those diagnosed with early breast cancer, only about 30% of patients diagnosed with or who progress to metastatic disease are expected to live five years following diagnosis.4

HER2 is a tyrosine kinase receptor growth-promoting protein expressed on the surface of many types of tumours including breast cancer.5 HER2 protein overexpression may occur as a result of HER2 gene amplification.6 Approximately one in five cases of breast cancer are considered HER2-positive.7

HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer is an aggressive disease driven by overexpression or amplification of HER2.8 Approximately 10,000 patients are treated each year in the 1st-line HER2-positive metastatic setting in the US.9 While HER2-targeted therapies have improved outcomes, prognosis remains poor with most patients experiencing disease progression within two years of 1st-line treatment with THP, which has been the standard of care for more than a decade.6,10-12 Approximately 25% to 30% of patients do not receive any treatment following 1st-line therapy due to discontinuation or death.13-15

DESTINY-Breast09
DESTINY-Breast09 is a global, multicentre, randomised, open-label, Phase III trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of Enhertu (5.4 mg/kg) either alone or in combination with pertuzumab versus standard of care THP as a 1st-line treatment in patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer.

Patients were randomised 1:1:1 to receive either Enhertu monotherapy with a pertuzumab matching placebo; Enhertu in combination with pertuzumab; or THP. Randomisation was stratified by prior treatment (de novo metastatic disease versus progression from early-stage disease), hormone receptor (HR) status and PIK3CA mutation status.

The primary endpoint of DESTINY-Breast09 is PFS as assessed by blinded-independent central review in the Enhertu monotherapy and Enhertu combination arms. Secondary endpoints include investigator-assessed PFS, overall survival, objective response rate, duration of response, pharmacokinetics and safety. The investigational arm assessing Enhertu monotherapy versus THP remains blinded to patients and investigators and will continue to the final PFS analysis.

DESTINY-Breast09 enrolled 1,157 patients across multiple sites in Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and South America. For more information about the trial, visit ClinicalTrials.gov.

Enhertu
Enhertu is a HER2-directed ADC. Designed using Daiichi Sankyo’s proprietary DXd ADC Technology, Enhertu is the lead ADC in the oncology portfolio of Daiichi Sankyo and the most advanced programme in AstraZeneca’s ADC scientific platform. Enhertu consists of a HER2 monoclonal antibody attached to a number of topoisomerase I inhibitor payloads (an exatecan derivative, DXd) via tetrapeptide-based cleavable linkers.

Enhertu (5.4mg/kg) in combination with pertuzumab is approved in the US as a 1st-line treatment for adult patients with unresectable or metastatic HER2-positive (IHC 3+ or ISH+) breast cancer, as determined by an FDA-approved test based on the results from the DESTINY-Breast09 trial.

Enhertu (5.4mg/kg) is approved in more than 90 countries/regions worldwide for the treatment of adult patients with unresectable or metastatic HER2-positive (IHC 3+ or ISH+) breast cancer who have received a prior anti-HER2-based regimen, either in the metastatic setting or in the neoadjuvant or adjuvant setting, and have developed disease recurrence during or within six months of completing therapy based on the results from the DESTINY-Breast03 trial.

Enhertu (5.4mg/kg) is approved in more than 85 countries/regions worldwide for the treatment of adult patients with unresectable or metastatic HER2-low (IHC 1+ or IHC 2+/ISH-) breast cancer who have received a prior systemic therapy in the metastatic setting or developed disease recurrence during or within six months of completing adjuvant chemotherapy based on the results from the DESTINY-Breast04 trial.

Enhertu (5.4mg/kg) is approved in more than 55 countries/regions worldwide for the treatment of adult patients with unresectable or metastatic hormone receptor (HR)-positive, HER2-low (IHC 1+ or IHC 2+/ ISH-) or HER2-ultralow (IHC 0 with membrane staining) breast cancer, as determined by a locally or regionally approved test, that have progressed on one or more endocrine therapies in the metastatic setting based on the results from the DESTINY-Breast06 trial.

Enhertu (5.4mg/kg) is approved in more than 60 countries/regions worldwide for the treatment of adult patients with unresectable or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) whose tumours have activating HER2 (ERBB2) mutations, as detected by a locally or regionally approved test, and who have received a prior systemic therapy based on the results from the DESTINY-Lung02 and/or DESTINY-Lung05 trials. Continued approval in China and the US for this indication may be contingent upon verification and description of clinical benefit in a confirmatory trial.

Enhertu (6.4mg/kg) is approved in more than 70 countries/regions worldwide for the treatment of adult patients with locally advanced or metastatic HER2-positive (IHC 3+ or IHC 2+/ISH+) gastric or gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) adenocarcinoma who have received a prior trastuzumab-based regimen based on the results from the DESTINY-Gastric01, DESTINY-Gastric02 and/or DESTINY-Gastric06 trials. Continued approval in China for this indication may be contingent upon verification and description of clinical benefit in a confirmatory trial.

Enhertu (5.4mg/kg) is approved in more than 10 countries/regions worldwide for the treatment of adult patients with unresectable or metastatic HER2-positive (IHC 3+) solid tumours who have received prior systemic treatment and have no satisfactory alternative treatment options based on efficacy results from the DESTINY-PanTumor02, DESTINY-Lung01 and DESTINY-CRC02 trials. Continued approval for this indication may be contingent upon verification and description of clinical benefit in a confirmatory trial.

Enhertu development programme
A comprehensive global clinical development programme is underway evaluating the efficacy and safety of Enhertu as a monotherapy, in combination or sequentially with other cancer medicines across multiple HER2-targetable cancers.

(Press release, AstraZeneca, DEC 15, 2025, View Source [SID1234661445])

On December 15, 2025 Oncotelic Therapeutics, Inc. (OTCQB: OTLC) in collaboration with the Brush and Key Foundation, reported the publication of a peer-reviewed research article in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences titled "Comparative Tumor Microenvironment Analysis for HCC and PDAC Using KMplotter." Chang, W.-H.; Shah, D.; Myers, S.; Potts, M.; Qazi, S.; Trieu, V. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2025, 26, 11920.

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The study presents a comprehensive, data-driven analysis of two emerging biomarkers-DNMT3A (DNA methyltransferase 3A) and GMPS (guanine monophosphate synthetase)-across hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). By integrating survival outcomes, transcriptomic profiling, and tumor microenvironment (TME) analyses from more than 7,000 patients, the authors demonstrate that the prognostic significance of these biomarkers is highly context-dependent, shaped by immune composition, metabolic reprogramming, and innate immune sensing pathways.

Training the Next Generation of Scientists

The publication also reflects the educational mission of the Brush and Key Foundation, which supports young scholars through mentored research experiences that bridge scientific inquiry, critical thinking, and professional development.

The paper’s author- Drashya Shah, an intern supported by the Brush and Key Foundation, shared the following reflection: "My experience working with the Brush and Key Foundation for Young Artists has been truly valuable and enriching. Throughout the research and writing process, I received consistent guidance and insightful feedback at every stage, which helped me refine my ideas and present my findings with clarity and precision. This collaborative environment not only strengthened the quality of my paper but also significantly boosted my confidence as a researcher. The skills and knowledge I gained through this journey are lifelong, and I will undoubtedly carry them forward into my future education and professional work. I am deeply grateful to everyone involved for their unwavering support and encouragement."

"This work exemplifies how advanced bioinformatics, translational oncology, and structured mentorship can intersect to generate meaningful scientific insight," said Dr. Vuong Trieu, co-author and contributor to the study. "Equally important, it demonstrates how hands-on research training helps prepare the next generation of scientists."

Dr. Wen-Han Chang, corresponding author, added, "The work highlights why biomarkers cannot be interpreted in isolation. Tumor context-immune composition, metabolic state, and innate sensing-fundamentally alters prognostic meaning and therapeutic opportunity."

(Press release, Oncotelic, DEC 15, 2025, View Source [SID1234661444])

On December 15, 2025 Anixa Biosciences, Inc. ("Anixa" or the "Company") (NASDAQ: ANIX), a biotechnology company focused on the treatment and prevention of cancer, reported that it has completed the transfer of the Investigational New Drug application ("IND") for its breast cancer vaccine from Cleveland Clinic. Anixa is now the trial sponsor for future development of its breast cancer vaccine. The transfer of the IND is a natural and planned step in the progresson of the vaccine’s development.

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With enrollment completed and encouraging immune response and safety data observed in the Phase 1 trial, Anixa plans to advance the vaccine into a Phase 2 clinical trial and has assumed full sponsorship of the IND. Anixa plans to utilize multiple clinical sites, including Cleveland Clinic, for the Phase 2 and other clinical trials.

Anixa’s breast cancer vaccine, developed in collaboration with Cleveland Clinic, targets α-lactalbumin—a lactation-associated protein that is typically expressed only in breast tissue during lactation, but which re-emerges in many forms of breast cancer. By establising an immune response against α-lactalbumin-expressing cells, the vaccine may offer both therapeutic and preventive benefits for patients with tumors expressing this protein. The vaccine is based on preclinical research led by the late Vincent Tuohy, Ph.D., who served as the Mort and Iris November Distinguished Chair in Innovative Breast Cancer Research at Cleveland Clinic.

"We are excited about assuming sponsorship of the breast cancer vaccine IND, and we look forward to advancing this potentially game-changing cancer vaccine into future clinical trials," stated Dr. Amit Kumar, Chairman and CEO of Anixa Biosciences. "We are pleased with the progress and findings from our Phase 1 clinical trial, which were presented at the San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium on December 11."

(Press release, Anixa Biosciences, DEC 15, 2025, View Source [SID1234661443])

On December 15, 2025 Roche (SIX: RO, ROG; OTCQX: RHHBY) reported that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved additional indications for its PATHWAY anti-HER2/neu (4B5) Rabbit Monoclonal Primary Antibody and VENTANA HER2 Dual ISH DNA Probe Cocktail tests. These tests are now approved to aid in identifying HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer (mBC) patients who may be eligible for treatment with ENHERTU (trastuzumab deruxtecan), a specifically engineered HER2-directed antibody drug conjugate (ADC) discovered by Daiichi Sankyo and being jointly developed and commercialised by Daiichi Sankyo and AstraZeneca.

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Until now, Roche’s PATHWAY HER2 (4B5) test had been approved for identifying mBC patients with HER2-low and HER2-ultralow expression. With this expanded approval, Roche’s PATHWAY HER2 (4B5) test in combination with the VENTANA HER2 Dual ISH DNA Probe Cocktail can now be used to identify patients across the full spectrum of HER2 expression for potential eligibility for ENHERTU. This approval reflects the vital role of advanced diagnostics in guiding precise treatment decisions to address the diverse needs of mBC patients.

"Metastatic breast cancer remains a significant challenge," said Laura Apitz, Head of Pathology Lab at Roche Diagnostics. "Diagnostic advances like these bring much-needed hope for patients. With this approval, our breast diagnostic portfolio can further guide therapy decisions for clinicians, enabling a more personalised approach."

Advancing Science in HER2 Breast Cancer
Breast cancer now represents one in four of all cancers diagnosed in women worldwide.1 Despite advances in care, metastatic breast cancer poses a growing challenge, especially in younger populations,2,3 where cases among women aged 25 to 39 increased by 32% between 2009 and 2015.2,3

However, treatment for metastatic breast cancer is evolving alongside a deeper understanding of HER2 biology, which now shows that HER2 expression exists on a continuous spectrum rather than as distinct "positive" or "negative" categories.4

These diagnostics strengthen Roche’s broader breast cancer portfolio, which offers solutions that cover the full spectrum of breast cancer management, including important predictive assays. Roche remains committed to supporting patients with advanced diagnostic tools that help clinicians improve outcomes and deliver more personalized care at every stage of the disease.

About PATHWAY anti-HER2/neu (4B5) Rabbit Monoclonal Primary Antibody
The PATHWAY anti-HER2/neu (4B5) Rabbit Monoclonal Primary Antibody delivers timely, clear and reliable results, driving diagnostic certainty and enabling therapeutic decisions that can lead to better outcomes for patients. Previously indicated as an aid to identify certain breast cancer patients eligible for HER2-targeted treatment with Herceptin, KADCYLA, or ENHERTU,5 the test is used in combination with the fully automated BenchMark ULTRA and BenchMark ULTRA PLUS staining platforms.

The assay standardizes all IHC processes from baking through staining, and reduces the possibility of human error.5 It also minimizes inherent variability resulting from individual reagent dilution and other processes found in manual and semi-automated IHC methods. The HER2 (4B5) clone achieves consistently high proficiency assessment scores compared to other clones6 and demonstrates high concordance with HER2 FISH,7.8 empowering laboratories to employ the most widely adopted and reliable HER2 IHC primary antibody.

About the VENTANA HER2 Dual ISH DNA Probe Cocktail assay
The VENTANA HER2 Dual ISH DNA Probe Cocktail assay is a fully automated, ready-to-use brightfield solution for determining HER2 gene status. VENTANA HER2 Dual ISH helps identify breast cancer patients eligible for personalized treatment with HER2-targeted therapies. The VENTANA HER2 Dual ISH DNA Probe Cocktail assay is optimised for use with the VENTANA Silver ISH DNP Detection Kit and the VENTANA Red ISH DIG Detection Kit on the fully-automated BenchMark ULTRA and BenchMark ULTRA PLUS staining platforms.9

The VENTANA HER2 Dual ISH DNA Probe Cocktail assay is an enhanced version of the previous-generation test. New oligonucleotide probes and highly sensitive detection kits provide clear results to pathology labs more quickly, allowing clinicians to make treatment decisions earlier.

(Press release, Hoffmann-La Roche, DEC 15, 2025, View Source [SID1234661442])