On December 11, 2019 PharmaCyte Biotech (OTCQB: PMCB) reported that it has a clinical trial product, a clinical trial protocol, including a clinical trial design, a Principal Investigator, and the company is ready to present its treatment for locally advanced, inoperable pancreatic cancer (LAPC) to the U.S. FDA in an effort to secure approval to begin a Phase 2b clinical trial in LAPC (Press release, PharmaCyte Biotech, DEC 11, 2019, View Source [SID1234552264]).

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LAPC is a hard-to-treat disease that leaves patients with very little hope after first-line therapies, Abraxane plus gemcitabine or FOLFIRINOX, no longer offer any benefit to this patient population. The company’s Chief Operating Officer, Dr. Gerald W. Crabtree, said of this group of patients, "Here we have a cadre of patients that are virtually untreatable. They respond to a certain degree to first-line treatment and then can no longer respond, and there they sit with very little option for further response."

However, hope, in the form of a unique live-cell encapsulation technology, could very well be on the way for patients who are stricken with LAPC if the FDA approves PharmaCyte’s Investigational New Drug application (IND). Pancreatic cancer is usually only controllable through removal by surgery and only if found before it has spread to other parts of the body or other organs. PharmaCyte’s treatment, which consists of its signature live-cell encapsulation technology, Cell-in-a-Box, plus low doses of the chemotherapy drug ifosfamide, has already proven in earlier Phase 1 and Phase 2 clinical trials that it can be effective in doing just that—shrinking tumors to the point that they become operable.

Commenting on those earlier trials, PharmaCyte’s Chief Executive Officer, Kenneth L. Waggoner, said, "What’s unique about our therapy is looking back at the earlier clinical trials, patients that had stage 4 metastatic pancreatic cancer had their tumors go from inoperable to operable."

PharmaCyte plans to conduct a Phase 2b clinical trial with a treatment that uses genetically engineered cells to treat cancer. Those cells have been engineered to produce an enzyme, which is normally produced in the patient’s liver, that will convert ifosfamide from its inactive form to its active form. Essentially what patients with LAPC can expect from PharmaCyte’s treatment is that it diverts the conversion of ifosfamide from the patient’s liver, where normal conversion takes place, to the 300 Cell-in-a-Box capsules, which contain a total of about 6.6 million live cells located in the blood supply to the pancreas and whose job it is to "wake up" the non-active drug right at the site of a patient’s tumor.

PharmaCyte’s Chief Scientific Officer, Prof. Dr. Walter H. Günzburg, says, "We’ll be placing those 300 capsules angiographically into the pancreas just upstream of the tumor. The idea being that blood will then come in, bring the non-active prodrug, ifosfamide, to the capsules, and the drug will then be converted inside the capsules to its active form and the prodrug will stream directly into the tumor, so this gives the highest possible concentration of the tumor killing drug actually at the site of the tumor."

For patients suffering from LAPC, this treatment is great news because a much smaller dose of the cancer-killing drug means that it’s a targeted chemotherapy with little to no side effects. Dr. Günzburg added, "We’re converting the drug at the site of the tumor so that patients will experience a very high anti-tumor kill and a very low systemic toxicity."

Dr. Crabtree, who was part of the team at Bristol-Myers Squibb that brought the highly successful cancer drug Taxol (paclitaxel) to market, said, "I’ve been in the cancer business for 50 years, and I’ve been involved in developing a lot of decent drugs—some very good drugs—and worked with some very good people, and this technology to me has been a revelation. It’s completely different from anything else that I have ever experienced, and to me, it presents an absolute new way to treat a very difficult to treat tumor.

"Here we have a chance to have very good results with minimal side effects. In the cancer business, you can’t ask for more than that."

The pancreatic cancer community should be anxiously awaiting PharmaCyte’s submission of its IND to the FDA and the subsequent days following as everyone waits patiently for the FDA to approve what could be a landmark clinical trial in LAPC.

To learn more about PharmaCyte’s pancreatic cancer treatment and how it works inside the body to treat locally advanced inoperable pancreatic cancer, watch the company’s documentary video complete with medical animations at: View Source

On December 11, 2019 Kite, a Gilead Company (Nasdaq: GILD), and Kiniksa Pharmaceuticals, Ltd. (Nasdaq: KNSA) ("Kiniksa") reported that the companies have entered into a clinical collaboration to conduct a Phase 2, multicenter study of mavrilimumab, an investigational fully human monoclonal antibody that targets granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor receptor alpha (GM-CSFRα), in combination with Yescarta (axicabtagene ciloleucel) in patients with relapsed or refractory large B-cell lymphoma (Press release, Kite Pharma, DEC 11, 2019, View Source [SID1234552263]). The objective of the study is to determine the effect of mavrilimumab on the safety of Yescarta. Kite will be the sponsor of this study and will be responsible for its conduct.

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"We were excited to present data from several abstracts at the recent ASH (Free ASH Whitepaper) meeting that build upon our understanding of the efficacy and safety profile of Yescarta and we are committed to the exploration of new approaches and treatment combinations that further optimize outcomes for patients," said Christi Shaw, Chief Executive Officer of Kite. "We look forward to working with Kiniksa to learn more about the potential impact of GM-CSFRα inhibition with mavrilimumab."

"The clinical collaboration with Kite furthers Kiniksa’s goal to develop life-changing medicines for patients with significant unmet medical need," said Sanj K. Patel, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of Kiniksa. "We believe the potential for GM-CSFRα inhibition to advance the clinical profile for CAR T cell therapy speaks to the potential broad utility of mavrilimumab."

Treatment related induction of GM-CSF has been identified through clinical, translational and preclinical studies as a potential key signal associated with side effects of chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR T) cell therapy. Preclinical evidence shows the potential for interruption of GM-CSF signaling to disrupt CAR T cell mediated inflammation without disrupting anti-tumor efficacy.

Yescarta was the first CAR T cell therapy to be approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed or refractory large B-cell lymphoma after two or more lines of systemic therapy, including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) not otherwise specified, primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma, and high grade B-cell lymphoma and DLBCL arising from follicular lymphoma. Yescarta is not indicated for the treatment of patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma. The Yescarta U.S. Prescribing Information has a BOXED WARNING for the risks of cytokine release syndrome and neurologic toxicities; see below for Important Safety Information.

Mavrilimumab, alone or in combination with other therapies such as Yescarta, is investigational and has not been approved by the FDA or any regulatory authority for any uses. Efficacy and safety have not been established.

About Mavrilimumab

Mavrilimumab is an investigational fully-human monoclonal antibody that is designed to antagonize GM-CSF signaling by binding to the alpha subunit of the GM-CSF receptor. Kiniksa is developing mavrilimumab for the potential treatment of giant cell arteritis (GCA), a chronic inflammatory disease of medium to large arteries.

U.S. Important Safety Information for Yescarta

BOXED WARNING: CYTOKINE RELEASE SYNDROME AND NEUROLOGIC TOXICITIES

Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS), including fatal or life-threatening reactions, occurred in patients receiving Yescarta. Do not administer Yescarta to patients with active infection or inflammatory disorders. Treat severe or life-threatening CRS with tocilizumab or tocilizumab and corticosteroids.
Neurologic toxicities, including fatal or life-threatening reactions, occurred in patients receiving Yescarta, including concurrently with CRS or after CRS resolution. Monitor for neurologic toxicities after treatment with Yescarta. Provide supportive care and/or corticosteroids as needed.
Yescarta is available only through a restricted program under a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) called the Yescarta REMS.
CYTOKINE RELEASE SYNDROME (CRS): CRS occurred in 94% of patients, including 13% with ≥ Grade 3. Among patients who died after receiving Yescarta, 4 had ongoing CRS at death. The median time to onset was 2 days (range: 1-12 days) and median duration was 7 days (range: 2-58 days). Key manifestations include fever (78%), hypotension (41%), tachycardia (28%), hypoxia (22%), and chills (20%). Serious events that may be associated with CRS include cardiac arrhythmias (including atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia), cardiac arrest, cardiac failure, renal insufficiency, capillary leak syndrome, hypotension, hypoxia, and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis/macrophage activation syndrome. Ensure that 2 doses of tocilizumab are available prior to infusion of Yescarta. Monitor patients at least daily for 7 days at the certified healthcare facility following infusion for signs and symptoms of CRS. Monitor patients for signs or symptoms of CRS for 4 weeks after infusion. Counsel patients to seek immediate medical attention should signs or symptoms of CRS occur at any time. At the first sign of CRS, institute treatment with supportive care, tocilizumab or tocilizumab and corticosteroids as indicated.

NEUROLOGIC TOXICITIES: Neurologic toxicities occurred in 87% of patients. Ninety-eight percent of all neurologic toxicities occurred within the first 8 weeks, with a median time to onset of 4 days (range: 1-43 days) and a median duration of 17 days. Grade 3 or higher occurred in 31% of patients. The most common neurologic toxicities included encephalopathy (57%), headache (44%), tremor (31%), dizziness (21%), aphasia (18%), delirium (17%), insomnia (9%) and anxiety (9%). Prolonged encephalopathy lasting up to 173 days was noted. Serious events including leukoencephalopathy and seizures occurred with Yescarta. Fatal and serious cases of cerebral edema have occurred in patients treated with Yescarta. Monitor patients at least daily for 7 days at the certified healthcare facility following infusion for signs and symptoms of neurologic toxicities. Monitor patients for signs or symptoms of neurologic toxicities for 4 weeks after infusion and treat promptly.

YESCARTA REMS: Because of the risk of CRS and neurologic toxicities, Yescarta is available only through a restricted program under a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) called the Yescarta REMS. The required components of the Yescarta REMS are: Healthcare facilities that dispense and administer Yescarta must be enrolled and comply with the REMS requirements. Certified healthcare facilities must have on-site, immediate access to tocilizumab, and ensure that a minimum of 2 doses of tocilizumab are available for each patient for infusion within 2 hours after Yescarta infusion, if needed for treatment of CRS. Certified healthcare facilities must ensure that healthcare providers who prescribe, dispense or administer Yescarta are trained about the management of CRS and neurologic toxicities. Further information is available at www.YESCARTAREMS.com or 1-844-454-KITE (5483).

HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS: Allergic reactions may occur. Serious hypersensitivity reactions including anaphylaxis may be due to dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or residual gentamicin in Yescarta.

SERIOUS INFECTIONS: Severe or life-threatening infections occurred. Infections (all grades) occurred in 38% of patients, and in 23% with ≥ Grade 3. Grade 3 or higher infections with an unspecified pathogen occurred in 16% of patients, bacterial infections in 9%, and viral infections in 4%. Yescarta should not be administered to patients with clinically significant active systemic infections. Monitor patients for signs and symptoms of infection before and after Yescarta infusion and treat appropriately. Administer prophylactic anti-microbials according to local guidelines. Febrile neutropenia was observed in 36% of patients and may be concurrent with CRS. In the event of febrile neutropenia, evaluate for infection and manage with broad spectrum antibiotics, fluids and other supportive care as medically indicated. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation, in some cases resulting in fulminant hepatitis, hepatic failure and death, can occur in patients treated with drugs directed against B cells. Perform screening for HBV, HCV, and HIV in accordance with clinical guidelines before collection of cells for manufacturing.

PROLONGED CYTOPENIAS: Patients may exhibit cytopenias for several weeks following lymphodepleting chemotherapy and Yescarta infusion. Grade 3 or higher cytopenias not resolved by Day 30 following Yescarta infusion occurred in 28% of patients and included thrombocytopenia (18%), neutropenia (15%), and anemia (3%). Monitor blood counts after Yescarta infusion.

HYPOGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA: B-cell aplasia and hypogammaglobulinemia can occur. Hypogammaglobulinemia occurred in 15% of patients. Monitor immunoglobulin levels after treatment and manage using infection precautions, antibiotic prophylaxis and immunoglobulin replacement. The safety of immunization with live viral vaccines during or following Yescarta treatment has not been studied. Vaccination with live virus vaccines is not recommended for at least 6 weeks prior to the start of lymphodepleting chemotherapy, during Yescarta treatment, and until immune recovery following treatment.

SECONDARY MALIGNANCIES: Patients may develop secondary malignancies. Monitor life-long for secondary malignancies. In the event that a secondary malignancy occurs, contact Kite at 1-844-454-KITE (5483) to obtain instructions on patient samples to collect for testing.

EFFECTS ON ABILITY TO DRIVE AND USE MACHINES: Due to the potential for neurologic events, including altered mental status or seizures, patients are at risk for altered or decreased consciousness or coordination in the 8 weeks following Yescarta infusion. Advise patients to refrain from driving and engaging in hazardous occupations or activities, such as operating heavy or potentially dangerous machinery, during this initial period.

ADVERSE REACTIONS: The most common adverse reactions (incidence ≥ 20%) include CRS, fever, hypotension, encephalopathy, tachycardia, fatigue, headache, decreased appetite, chills, diarrhea, febrile neutropenia, infections-pathogen unspecified, nausea, hypoxia, tremor, cough, vomiting, dizziness, constipation, and cardiac arrhythmias.

On December 11, 2019 Oncternal Therapeutics, Inc. (Nasdaq: ONCT), a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on the development of novel oncology therapies, reported that it has opened for enrollment a Phase 1b expansion cohort of its ongoing clinical trial evaluating TK216, a first-in-class, targeted, investigational small-molecule inhibitor of the E26 transformation-specific (ETS) family of oncoproteins, in patients with relapsed or refractory Ewing sarcoma (Press release, Oncternal Therapeutics, DEC 11, 2019, View Source [SID1234552262]).

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The decision to open an expansion cohort was based on favorable interim results from the dose-finding cohort of the trial, including a deep and sustained clinical response reported for one of the patients treated at the current, highest exposure dose regimen, who is without evidence of Ewing sarcoma after more than eight months on study and has tolerated treatments with TK216, alone and in combination with vincristine, well. TK216 has been generally well tolerated in this trial. Dose limiting toxicities consisted of transient and manageable myelosuppression, primarily neutropenia.

The expansion cohort will further evaluate the recommended Phase 2 dose regimen of TK216 (200 mg/m2/day for 14 days) in combination with vincristine and is anticipated to enroll approximately 18 patients with relapsed or refractory Ewing sarcoma.

"We are encouraged by the initial clinical activity demonstrated by TK216 in the dose-finding portion of this clinical trial in patients with relapsed/refractory Ewing sarcoma and look forward to further evaluating the recommended Phase 2 dose regimen of TK216 in a larger number of patients with this devastating disease," said James Breitmeyer, M.D., Ph.D., Oncternal’s President and CEO. "This first-in-class targeted investigational agent may also be applicable in other malignancies driven by ETS alterations including acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and prostate cancer, which we continue to explore in preclinical studies."

About TK216

TK216 is an investigational, potentially first-in-class, targeted small-molecule inhibitor of the E26 transformation-specific (ETS) family of oncoproteins including fusion proteins. Tumorigenic fusion proteins involving the EWS protein and an ETS protein can be found in most cases of Ewing sarcoma. ETS-related translocations or overexpression are also found in many other tumors such as prostate cancer and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). TK216 was developed based on discoveries in the laboratory of Jeffrey Toretsky, M.D., at Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, who discovered inhibitors of EWS-FLI1 using a novel chemical screening assay. In preclinical models, TK216 was observed to bind to EWS-FLI1, blocking the interaction between this fusion protein and other transcriptome proteins such as RNA helicase A, leading to tumor cell apoptosis and inhibiting tumor growth in animal models. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted Orphan Designation and Fast Track designation to TK216 for the treatment of Ewing sarcoma. TK216 is an investigational medication that has not been approved by the FDA for any indication.

About the Study

TK216 is being evaluated in a Phase 1 clinical study as a single agent and in combination with vincristine in patients with relapsed or refractory Ewing sarcoma, a rare pediatric cancer with no standard treatment available after first-line chemotherapy. The dose-finding portion of the study has been completed, and Oncternal is actively enrolling patients in an expansion cohort to evaluate the clinical response of treatment with TK216 in combination with vincristine using the recommended Phase 2 dosing regimen. This multi-center study is actively enrolling patients at seven clinical trial centers across the U.S. Additional information about the TK216 study may be accessed at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02657005).

On December 11, 2019 Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals Inc. (NASDAQ: ARWR) reported that it has submitted an Investigational New Drug (IND) application to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for a Phase 1b adaptive dose-finding clinical study of ARO-HIF2, the company’s investigational RNA interference (RNAi) therapeutic being developed as a treatment for patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) (Press release, Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals, DEC 11, 2019, View Source [SID1234552261]).

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Javier San Martin, M.D., chief medical officer at Arrowhead, said: "ARO-HIF2 is Arrowhead’s first TRiM enabled investigational RNAi therapeutic to target a cell type outside of the liver. Clear cell renal cell carcinoma, or ccRCC, is one of the most common forms of kidney cancer. Most patients with ccRCC have a mutation in the Von Hippel-Lindau gene, rendering them unable to degrade HIF-2α, which leads to accumulation during tumor hypoxia and promotes tumor growth. We believe this makes HIF-2α an attractive target for an RNAi-based intervention."

Pending regulatory review, the company intends to initiate AROHIF21001 (NCT04169711), a Phase 1b adaptive design dose-finding clinical study in patients with advanced ccRCC to evaluate the safety of ARO-HIF2 and to determine the recommended Phase 2 dose. Additional secondary objectives include the assessment of pharmacokinetics and efficacy, based on Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST). An exploratory objective for AROHIF21001 will be gene target knockdown using tumor biopsy.

On December 11, 2019 BioInvent International AB (publ) (OMXS: BINV), a biotech company focused on the discovery and development of novel and first-in-class immuno-modulatory antibodies for cancer immunotherapy, and Transgene (Euronext Paris: TNG), a biotech company that designs and develops virus-based immunotherapeutics against cancer, reported compelling results from extensive in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies with BT-001, an oncolytic virus (OV) expressing an anti-CTLA4 antibody and the cytokine GM-CSF (Press release, BioInvent, DEC 11, 2019, View Source [SID1234552260]).

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BT-001 is a multifunctional OV being co-developed by Transgene and BioInvent. It was generated using Transgene’s Invir.IO platform and its patented large capacity VVcopTK-RR- oncolytic virus, which has been designed to encode for a Treg-depleting anti-CTLA4 antibody derived from BioInvent’s proprietary n-CoDeR/F.I.R.S.T platforms as well as the cytokine GM-CSF.

The therapeutic activity was assessed in several immunocompetent preclinical models, showing outstanding antitumoral activity for BT-001 murine surrogate antibody-encoding viruses conferring cures in a majority of mice transplanted with different solid cancer tumors (> 70% in all tested models).

– The new preclinical data also confirmed that the anti-CTLA4 antibody expressed by BT-001 in mouse tumor cells retained biochemical integrity and folding, functionality, and biological activity.

– In addition, BT-001’s biodistribution profile demonstrated higher concentration and prolonged activity of the anti-CTLA4 antibodies in tumors compared to intravenous anti-CTLA-4 antibody therapy.

A comprehensive and detailed package of preclinical data on BT-001 will be presented at scientific meetings in the coming months.

BioInvent and Transgene confirm that they intend to submit a clinical trial application in the first half of 2020 to conduct a first-in-human trial with BT-001 in Europe and in the USA.

"With BT-001, we build on the success of three clinically validated axes of activating patients own immune defense to combat cancer – anti-CTLA-4, anti-PD-1/PD-L1, and oncoviral immunotherapy. We are excited to bring forward to clinical testing our antibody-encoding oncolytic virus, which has indicated synergistic activity and potential for significantly improved tolerability compared to available anti-PD-1/anti-CTLA-4 combination therapy," said Björn Frendéus, Ph.D., Chief Scientific Officer of BioInvent.

"Thanks to the fruitful collaboration between Transgene and BioInvent, we have been able to generate these exciting preclinical data with BT-001. We have confirmed that BT-001 is able to replicate within cancer cells in immunocompetent models, and locally produce high and long-lasting concentrations of both anti-CTLA4 antibody and GM-CSF, leading to the destruction of the tumor. Based on these data, we are optimistic that upcoming clinical trials with BT-001 will deliver improved efficacy while minimizing the adverse events that have been associated with this class of immune checkpoint inhibitor," said Éric Quéméneur, Pharm.D., Ph.D., Executive VP, Chief Scientific Officer of Transgene.