Birinapant/TL32711 (1) is a bivalent antagonist of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family of proteins and was designed to mimic AVPI, the N-terminal tetrapeptide of the second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (Smac/DIABLO). Birinapant bound to the BIR3 domains of cIAP1, cIAP2, and XIAP with K i values of 1, 36, and 45 nM, respectively. Birinapant-mediated activation of cIAP1 resulted in cIAP1 autoubiquitylation and degradation and correlated with inhibition of TNF-mediated NF-κB activation, induction of tumor cell death in vitro, and tumor regression in vivo. Birinapant is being evaluated in Phase 1/2 trials for the treatment of cancer and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. After one year at accelerated storage conditions, a formulation of 1 afforded four degradants in >0.1% abundance by HPLC analysis. The primary degradants (2 and 3) were formed via oxidation of the biindole core, while the secondary degradants (5 and 6) arose via [1,2]-rearrangement of 3 and 2, respectively. Forced degradation conditions were developed, which allowed the isolation of 2 and 3 in multigram quantities. Novel deuterated analogues of 1 were prepared to determine the site of oxidation, and NMR experiments confirmed the chemical structures of 5 and 6. The de novo synthesis of 2, 3, 5, and 6 confirmed these experimental findings.

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The side effects of radio- and chemo-therapy pose long-term challenges on a cancer patient’s health. It is, therefore, highly desirable to develop more effective therapies that can specifically target carcinoma cells without damaging normal and healthy cells. Tremendous efforts have been made in the past to develop targeted drug delivery systems for solid cancer treatment. In this study, a new aptamer, A10-3-J1, which recognizes the extracellular domain of the prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA), was designed. A super paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle-aptamer-doxorubicin (SPIO-Apt-Dox) was fabricated and employed as a targeted drug delivery platform for cancer therapy. This DNA RNA hybridized aptamer antitumor agent was able to enhance the cytotoxicity of targeted cells while minimizing collateral damage to non-targeted cells. This SPIO-Apt-Dox nanoparticle has specificity to PSMA⁺ prostate cancer cells. Aptamer inhibited nonspecific uptake of membrane-permeable doxorubic to the non-target cells, leading to reduced untargeted cytotoxicity and endocytic uptake while enhancing targeted cytotoxicity and endocytic uptake. The experimental results indicate that the drug delivery platform can yield statistically significant effectiveness being more cytotoxic to the targeted cells as opposed to the non-targeted cells.

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Tumor hypoxia has been attracting increasing attention in the fields of radiation biology and oncology since Thomlinson and Gray detected hypoxic cells in malignant solid tumors and showed that they exert a negative impact on the outcome of radiation therapy. This unfavorable influence has, at least partly, been attributed to cancer cells acquiring a radioresistant phenotype through the activation of the transcription factor, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1). On the other hand, accumulating evidence has recently revealed that, even though HIF-1 is recognized as an important regulator of cellular adaptive responses to hypoxia, it may not become active and induce tumor radioresistance under hypoxic conditions only. The mechanisms by which HIF-1 is activated in cancer cells not only under hypoxic conditions, but also under normoxic conditions, through cancer-specific genetic alterations and the resultant imbalance in intermediate metabolites have been summarized herein. The relevance of the HIF-1-mediated characteristic features of cancer cells, such as the production of antioxidants through reprogramming of the glucose metabolic pathway and cell cycle regulation, for tumor radioresistance has also been reviewed.
© The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Japan Radiation Research Society and Japanese Society for Radiation Oncology.

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Combination drug therapy is a widely used paradigm for managing numerous human malignancies. In cancer treatment, additive and/or synergistic drug combinations can convert weakly efficacious monotherapies into regimens that produce robust anti-tumor activity. This can be explained in part through pathway interdependencies that are critical for cancer cell proliferation and survival. However, identification of the various interdependencies is difficult due to the complex molecular circuitry that underlies tumor development and progression. Here, we present a high-throughput platform that allows for an unbiased identification of synergistic and efficacious drug combinations. In a screen of 22,737 experiments of 583 doublet combinations in 39 diverse cancer cell lines using a 4 by 4 dosing regimen, both well-known and novel synergistic and efficacious combinations were identified. Here, we present an example of one such novel combination, a Wee1 inhibitor (AZD1775) and an mTOR inhibitor (ridaforolimus), and demonstrate that the combination potently and synergistically inhibits cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo. This approach has identified novel combinations that would be difficult to reliably predict based purely on our current understanding of cancer cell biology.
Copyright ©2016, American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) (Free AACR Whitepaper).

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On March 18, 2016 Heat Biologics, Inc. ("Heat") (Nasdaq: HTBX), an immuno-oncology company developing novel therapies that activate a patient’s immune system against cancer, reported that it has priced an underwritten public offering of 9,100,000 shares of its common stock and warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 6,825,000 shares of its common stock at a combined public offering price of $0.75 per share and related warrant (Filing, 8-K, Heat Biologics, MAR 18, 2016, View Source [SID:1234509646]). Each share of its common stock is being sold together with a warrant to purchase 0.75 of a share of its common stock. The gross proceeds from this offering to Heat are expected to be approximately $6.8 million, before deducting the underwriting discount and estimated offering expenses payable by Heat, but excluding the exercise of any warrants.

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The shares of common stock will be immediately separable from the warrants and will be issued separately. The warrants are exercisable immediately upon issuance, expire five years after the date of issuance and have an exercise price of $1.00 per share. The warrants will be certificated and will be delivered to the investors by physical delivery following the closing. There is no established public trading market for the warrants and Heat does not expect a market to develop.

The offering is expected to close on or about March 23, 2016, subject to customary closing conditions.

Heat intends to use the net proceeds from the offering to complete its Phase 2 clinical trial evaluating HS-410 for the treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), which remains Heat’s primary focus. The remaining net proceeds will be used to advance the current eight patients enrolled in Heat’s Phase 1b clinical trial evaluating HS-110 for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) through the reporting of topline data, as well as for licensing or acquisition of assets complementary to its existing programs and for general corporate and working capital purposes.

Roth Capital Partners and Aegis Capital Corp. acted as joint book-running managers and Noble Financial Capital Markets acted as co-manager for this offering.

A registration statement on Form S-1 relating to the shares of common stock and warrants described above has been previously filed with and declared effective by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). This offering is being made only by means of a prospectus forming a part of the effective registration statement. Copies of the final prospectus may be obtained from Roth Capital Partners, 888 San Clemente Drive, Suite 400, Newport Beach, CA 92660, Attention: Equity Capital Markets, or by telephone at 800-678-9147, or by email at [email protected], or from Aegis Capital Corp., 810 7th Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10019 or via telephone at 212-813-1010 or email at [email protected], or by accessing the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov.

This press release does not constitute an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy, nor shall there be any sale of these securities in any state or jurisdiction in which such an offer, solicitation or sale would be unlawful prior to registration or qualification under the securities laws of any such state or jurisdiction.