Adaptimmune to Report Second Quarter 2018 Financial Results and Business Update on Thursday August 2, 2018

On July 26, 2018 Adaptimmune Therapeutics plc (Nasdaq:ADAP), a leader in T-cell therapy to treat cancer, reported that it will announce financial results for the Second Quarter 2018 and provide a general business update before the U.S. markets open on Thursday August 2, 2018 (Press release, Adaptimmune, JUL 26, 2018, View Source;p=RssLanding&cat=news&id=2360328 [SID1234527891]). Following the announcement, the company will host a live teleconference and webcast at 8:00 a.m. EDT (1:00 p.m. BST) on the same day.

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The press release and the live webcast of the conference call will be available in the investor section of Adaptimmune’s corporate website at www.adaptimmune.com. An archive will be available after the call at the same address.

To participate in the live conference call, please dial (833) 652-5917 (U.S.) or +1 (430) 775-1624 (International). After placing the call, please ask to be joined into the Adaptimmune conference call and provide the confirmation code (8149978).

Puma Biotechnology to Host Conference Call to Discuss Second Quarter Financial Results

On July 26, 2018 Puma Biotechnology, Inc. (NASDAQ: PBYI), a biopharmaceutical company, reported that it will host a conference call at 1:30 p.m. PDT/4:30 p.m. EDT on Thursday, August 9, 2018 following release of its second quarter 2018 financial results (Press release, Puma Biotechnology, JUL 26, 2018, http://investor.pumabiotechnology.com/press-release/puma-biotechnology-host-conference-call-discuss-second-quarter-financial-results [SID1234527907]).

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The call may be accessed by dialing 1-877-709-8150 (domestic) or 1-201-689-8354 (international). Please dial in at least ten minutes in advance and inform the operator that you would like to join the "Puma Biotechnology Conference Call." A live webcast of the conference call and presentation slides may be accessed on the Investors section of the Puma Biotechnology website at View Source A replay of the call will be available approximately one hour after completion of the call and will be archived on the Company’s website for 90 days.

Alexion Reports Second Quarter 2018 Results

On July 26, 2018 Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (NASDAQ: ALXN) reported financial results for the second quarter of 2018 (Press release, Alexion, JUL 26, 2018, View Source [SID1234527892]). Total revenues in the second quarter were $1,045.0 million, a 14 percent increase compared to the same period in 2017. The benefit of foreign currency on total revenues year-over-year was 1 percent, or $10.9 million, net of hedging activities. Second quarter revenues include approximately $18 million due to order timing ahead of the July 4th holiday in the United States. On a GAAP basis, diluted earnings per share (EPS) in the quarter was $(2.05) per share, a 381 percent decrease versus the prior year, inclusive of $803.7 million of expense related to the value of the in-process research and development asset acquired in connection with our acquisition of Wilson Therapeutics AB in the second quarter of 2018. Non-GAAP diluted EPS for the second quarter of 2018 was $2.07 per share, a 33 percent increase versus the second quarter of 2017.

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"In the second quarter of 2018, we are pleased to have once again delivered strong top and bottom-line growth," said Ludwig Hantson, Ph.D., Chief Executive Officer of Alexion. "We see continued momentum from both our in-line business and our gMG launch. We have advanced our ALXN1210 programs with the goal of improving the standard of care for patients and have filed regulatory submissions for PNH in the U.S. and EU, and pending regulatory approval, plan to launch next year. We also completed the Wilson Therapeutics acquisition and began a collaboration with Complement Pharma, important initial steps in building out our clinical pipeline. In light of our financial performance, we have updated guidance to reflect the strength of our business."

Second Quarter 2018 Financial Highlights

Soliris (eculizumab) net product sales were $898.2 million, compared to $813.3 million in the second quarter of 2017, representing a 10 percent increase. Soliris volume increased 11 percent year-over-year.
Strensiq (asfotase alfa) net product sales were $125.1 million, compared to $83.6 million in the second quarter of 2017, representing a 50 percent increase. Strensiq volume increased 55 percent year-over-year.
Kanuma (sebelipase alfa) net product sales were $21.4 million, compared to $15.3 million in the second quarter of 2017, representing a 40 percent increase. Kanuma volume increased 51 percent year-over-year.
GAAP cost of sales was $95.3 million, compared to $83.6 million in the same quarter last year. Non-GAAP cost of sales was $89.3 million, compared to $78.0 million in the same quarter last year.
GAAP R&D expense was $173.4 million compared to $198.2 million in the same quarter last year. Non-GAAP R&D expense was $158.3 million, compared to $177.6 million in the same quarter last year.
GAAP SG&A expense was $277.3 million, compared to $265.6 million in the same quarter last year. Non-GAAP SG&A expense was $230.4 million, compared to $227.5 million in the same quarter last year.
GAAP acquired in-process research and development expense was $803.7 million, compared to $0.0 million in the same quarter last year, related exclusively to the value of the in-process research and development asset acquired in connection with the Wilson Therapeutics AB acquisition completed in the second quarter of 2018.
GAAP income tax expense was $38.8 million, compared to $41.1 million in the same quarter last year. Non-GAAP income tax expense was $77.1 million, compared to $53.4 million in the same quarter last year.
GAAP diluted EPS was $(2.05) per share, inclusive of $803.7 million of expense related to the value of the in-process research and development asset acquired in connection with the Wilson Therapeutics AB acquisition, compared to $0.73 per share in the same quarter last year. Non-GAAP diluted EPS was $2.07 per share, compared to $1.56 per share in the second quarter of 2017.
Research and Development

ALXN1210- Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH): Alexion submitted applications in the U.S. and the EU for the approval of ALXN1210 in patients with PNH. These submissions are based on previously announced positive results from Phase 3 studies of ALXN1210 in complement inhibitor treatment-naive patients and in patients who switched from Soliris to ALXN1210. In both studies, which collectively comprise the largest ever clinical program in PNH, ALXN1210 administered intravenously every eight weeks, demonstrated non-inferiority to Soliris administered intravenously every two weeks, on all 11 primary and key secondary endpoints. Alexion also plans to file for regulatory approval in Japan later this year. In addition, a Phase 3 study of ALXN1210 in children and adolescents with PNH is currently underway.
ALXN1210- Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (aHUS): Enrollment was completed in late May 2018 in a Phase 3 trial of ALXN1210 administered intravenously every eight weeks in complement inhibitor treatment-naive adolescent and adult patients with aHUS. Data from this study are now expected in early 2019. Alexion intends to file for regulatory approval in aHUS following approval of ALXN1210 in PNH. A Phase 3 study of ALXN1210 in children with aHUS is currently underway.
ALXN1210- Subcutaneous: In late 2018, Alexion plans to initiate a single, PK-based Phase 3 study of ALXN1210 delivered subcutaneously once per week to support registration in PNH and aHUS.
ALXN1810- Subcutaneous: Alexion filed a Clinical Trial Application (CTA) in the EU for subcutaneous ALXN1210 co-administered with Halozyme’s ENHANZE drug-delivery technology, PH20, and plans to initiate a Phase 1 study in the second half of 2018. Pending co-formulation data, this next-generation subcutaneous formulation will be called ALXN1810 and has the potential to further extend the dosing interval to once every two weeks or once per month.
Soliris (eculizumab)- Relapsing Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD): Enrollment was completed in October 2017 in the PREVENT study, a single, multinational, placebo-controlled Phase 3 trial of Soliris in patients with NMOSD; Alexion expects to report data by the end of 2018.
WTX101- Wilson Disease: In the second quarter, Alexion announced the closing of the tender period for the acquisition of Wilson Therapeutics AB, a biopharmaceutical company, based in Stockholm, Sweden, that developed novel therapies for patients with rare copper-mediated disorders, and assumed control of the company. WTX101 is in Phase 3 development as a treatment for Wilson disease, a rare genetic disorder with devastating hepatic and neurological consequences. WTX101 is a first-in-class oral copper-binding agent with a unique mechanism of action to access and bind to serum copper and promote its removal from the liver.
CP010- Complement Pharma: In the second quarter, Alexion began a collaboration with Complement Pharma to co-develop CP010, a preclinical C6 inhibitor that has the potential to treat multiple neurological disorders.
2018 Financial Guidance

(1) GAAP R&D (% of total revenues) previously included our preliminary financial impact for Wilson Therapeutics AB. The actual impact is now reflected in "Acquired in-process research and development" within the Statement of Operations and therefore excluded from updated GAAP R&D (% of total revenues) guidance.

Updated 2018 financial guidance assumes the following:

A foreign currency tailwind, net of hedging activities, of approximately $25 million.
Unfavorable Soliris revenue impact of $90 to $110 million from ALXN1210 and other clinical trial recruitment versus prior year.
$803.7 million of expense related to the value of the in-process research and development asset acquired in connection with Wilson Therapeutics AB.
GAAP effective tax rate of 39 to 40 percent; non-GAAP effective tax rate of 14.5 to 15.5 percent.
Alexion expects to incur additional restructuring and related expenses in 2018 of approximately $10 million to $60 million related to the Company’s 2017 restructuring activities. As the Company continues to execute its strategic business plan and global footprint, we may incur restructuring expenses that are materially different from the current estimate.

Alexion’s financial guidance is based on current foreign exchange rates net of hedging activities and does not include the effect of acquisitions, license and collaboration agreements, intangible asset impairments, litigation charges, changes in fair value of contingent consideration or restructuring and related activity outside of the previously announced activities that may occur after the day prior to the date of this press release.

Conference Call/Webcast Information:

Alexion will host a conference call/audio webcast to discuss the second quarter 2018 results today at 8:00 a.m. Eastern Time. To participate in the call, dial 866-762-3111 (USA) or 210-874-7712 (International), conference ID 9096048 shortly before 8:00 a.m. Eastern Time. A replay of the call will be available for a limited period following the call. The audio webcast can be accessed on the Investor page of Alexion’s website at: View Source

Seattle Genetics Reports Second Quarter 2018 Financial Results

On July 26, 2018 Seattle Genetics, Inc. (Nasdaq:SGEN) reported financial results for the second quarter and six months ended June 30, 2018 (Press release, Seattle Genetics, JUL 26, 2018, View Source;p=RssLanding&cat=news&id=2360357 [SID1234527908]). The company also highlighted ADCETRIS (brentuximab vedotin) commercialization and clinical development accomplishments and progress with its late-stage clinical programs for cancer.

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"Our ADCETRIS sales growth in the first full quarter following FDA approval in frontline Stage III or IV classical Hodgkin lymphoma demonstrates a strong reception from the oncology community and our ability to bring the first new treatment option to patients after more than 40 years," said Clay Siegall, Ph.D., President and Chief Executive Officer of Seattle Genetics. "Looking ahead, we expect to report top-line results from the ADCETRIS phase 3 ECHELON-2 trial in frontline CD30-expressing mature T-cell lymphomas early in the fourth quarter that could be another driver of future growth. Our late-stage clinical pipeline comprises three programs in ongoing pivotal trials, including enfortumab vedotin which is positioned for top-line data in the first half of 2019 in metastatic urothelial cancer. Our recent accomplishments and expected near-term milestones highlight our progress toward the goal of becoming a multi-product global oncology company."

ADCETRIS Program Activities

ECHELON-2 Phase 3 Trial: Seattle Genetics has narrowed its guidance and now expects to report top-line data early in the fourth quarter of 2018 from the phase 3 ECHELON-2 clinical trial in frontline CD30-expressing mature T-cell lymphoma, also known as peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL).
ECHELON-1 Data: Multiple posters featuring additional analyses from the ECHELON-1 trial in the treatment of patients with Stage III or IV classical Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) were presented at the 2018 American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) (Free ASCO Whitepaper) Annual Meeting held in June. These analyses continued to demonstrate the clinical benefit of the ADCETRIS combination when compared with standard chemotherapy. In March 2018, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved ADCETRIS in combination with chemotherapy for the treatment of adult patients with previously untreated Stage III or IV classical HL based on the positive results of the phase 3 ECHELON-1 clinical trial.
ADCETRIS is not currently approved for use in frontline PTCL.

Enfortumab Vedotin (EV) Program Activities

EV-201 Pivotal Trial Cohort Enrollment Completed: Seattle Genetics and Astellas completed enrollment in the first cohort of the EV-201 pivotal trial in patients with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer who previously received both a checkpoint inhibitor (PD-1/PD-L1) and a platinum-containing regimen. The companies expect to report top-line data from this cohort in the first half of 2019. Positive data in this cohort could potentially support registration under the FDA’s accelerated approval pathway.
EV-301 Phase 3 Trial Initiated: Seattle Genetics and Astellas initiated a global randomized phase 3 clinical trial called EV-301 for patients with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer who were previously treated with a checkpoint inhibitor (PD-1/PD-L1) and a platinum-containing regimen. EV-301, which is expected to enroll 550 patients, is intended to support global regulatory submissions for approval and serve as a confirmatory trial in the United States.
Tucatinib Program Activities

HER2CLIMB Pivotal Trial: Enrollment is ongoing in the tucatinib HER2CLIMB randomized pivotal trial for patients with HER2-positive (HER2+) metastatic breast cancer who have been previously treated with HER2-targeted agents, including patients with or without brain metastases. Results from a phase 1b trial that support the HER2CLIMB trial were recently published in The Lancet Oncology. The company continues to expect to complete enrollment of HER2CLIMB in 2019.
Expansion of Tucatinib Clinical Program: Seattle Genetics is evaluating opportunities to expand the development of tucatinib in earlier lines of HER2+ metastatic breast cancer based on the results of a separate phase 1b clinical trial of tucatinib that were recently published in JAMA Oncology. The company is also considering development opportunities for tucatinib in the treatment of other HER2+ solid tumors such as colorectal and gastric cancer.
Tisotumab Vedotin (TV) Program Activities

Metastatic Cervical Cancer Trial Initiated: Seattle Genetics and Genmab initiated a phase 2 trial called innovaTV 204 in patients with recurrent and/or metastatic cervical cancer who have relapsed or progressed after standard of care treatment. The trial will enroll approximately 100 patients and is intended to potentially support registration under the FDA’s accelerated approval pathway.
Solid Tumor Trial Initiated: Seattle Genetics and Genmab initiated a phase 2 clinical trial called innovaTV 207 in several types of solid tumors. The trial is intended to inform a potential broad development program.
Other Recent Activities

ADC Collaborator Milestones: Seattle Genetics earned milestone payments totaling $17.0 million under its antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) technology collaborations with AbbVie, Genmab and GlaxoSmithKline, triggered by clinical progress with programs using its technology.
Roger Dansey, M.D., Appointed Chief Medical Officer: Dr. Dansey has extensive experience in cancer drug development, most recently at Merck Inc. where he was Therapeutic Area Head for Late Stage Oncology, and led the registration efforts for KEYTRUDA (pembrolizumab) across multiple tumor types.
Second Quarter and Six Months 2018 Financial Results

Total revenues in the second quarter and six month periods ended June 30, 2018 increased to $170.2 million and $310.8 million, respectively, compared to $108.2 million and $217.4 million for the same periods in 2017. Revenues included:

ADCETRIS net sales for the U.S. and Canada in the second quarter of $122.4 million, a 65 percent increase over net sales of $74.3 million in the second quarter of 2017. ADCETRIS net sales for the U.S. and Canada were $217.8 million for the year-to-date in 2018, a 51 percent increase over net sales of $144.7 million for the same period in 2017. Growth over 2017 reflects recent ADCETRIS label expansions, including cutaneous T-cell lymphoma subtypes in November 2017 and frontline Stage III or IV Hodgkin lymphoma in March 2018.
Royalty revenues in the second quarter of $20.6 million, compared to $12.4 million in the second quarter of 2017. Royalty revenues were $36.2 million for the year-to-date in 2018, compared to $29.4 million for the same period in 2017. Royalty revenues are primarily driven by sales of ADCETRIS outside the U.S. and Canada by Takeda.
Amounts earned under the company’s ADCETRIS and ADC collaborations totaling $27.2 million in the second quarter and $56.7 million for the first six months of 2018, compared to $21.5 million and $43.3 million, respectively, for the same periods in 2017. Collaboration revenues for the second quarter included $17.0 million in product development milestones achieved under the company’s ADC collaborations.
Total costs and expenses for the second quarter of 2018 were $200.5 million, compared to $167.5 million for the second quarter of 2017. For the first six months of 2018, total costs and expenses were $434.9 million, compared to $335.9 million for the same period in 2017. Costs and expenses included:

Research and development expenses in the second quarter of $122.9 million, compared to $114.4 million in the second quarter of 2017. Research and development expenses were $275.4 million for the year-to-date in 2018, compared to $232.6 million for the same period in 2017. The increase for the year-to-date period reflects $35.0 million in upfront costs in the first quarter of 2018 related to technology licensing agreements in addition to increased investment in the company’s pipeline programs.
Selling, general and administrative expenses in the second quarter of $58.3 million, compared to $40.7 million in the second quarter of 2017. Selling, general and administrative expenses were $124.5 million for the year-to-date in 2018, compared to $79.1 million for the same period 2017. The increase for the year-to-date period was primarily due to transaction costs associated with the acquisition of Cascadian Therapeutics and costs to support the launch of ADCETRIS in frontline Hodgkin lymphoma.
Non-cash, share-based compensation cost for the first six months of 2018 was $32.4 million, compared to $32.0 million for the same period in 2017.

Net income for the second quarter of 2018 was $76.3 million, or $0.47 per diluted share, compared to a net loss of $56.4 million, or $0.39 per diluted share, for the second quarter of 2017. Net income in the second quarter of 2018 includes a net gain of $105.5 million primarily associated with Seattle Genetics’ common stock holdings in Immunomedics. For the six months ended June 30, 2018, net loss was $35.4 million, or $0.23 per share, compared to a net loss of $116.4 million, or $0.82 per share, for the six months ended June 30, 2017. Net loss for the year-to-date in 2018 includes a net gain of $86.6 million primarily associated with Seattle Genetics’ common stock holdings in Immunomedics.

As of June 30, 2018, Seattle Genetics had $457.8 million in cash and investments. In addition, the company held stock in Immunomedics and Unum valued at $208.0 million.

2018 Financial Outlook

For the third quarter of 2018, Seattle Genetics expects sales of ADCETRIS to be in the range of $130 million to $135 million. In addition, as a result of milestone achievements and other items that occurred in the first half of 2018, the company is increasing collaboration revenue guidance for the full year in 2018 to a range of $65 million to $75 million, compared to its previous guidance of $55 million to $65 million.

Conference Call Details

Seattle Genetics’ management will host a conference call and webcast to discuss its second quarter financial results and provide an update on business activities. The event will be held today at 1:30 p.m. Pacific Time (PT); 4:30 p.m. Eastern Time (ET). The live event will be available from the Seattle Genetics website at www.seattlegenetics.com, under the Investors section, or by calling 877-260-1479 (domestic) or 334-323-0522 (international). The conference ID is 6908320. A replay of the discussion will be available on July 26, 2018 from the Seattle Genetics website or by calling 888-203-1112 (domestic) or 719-457-0820 (international), using conference ID 6908320. The telephone replay will be available until 5:00 p.m. PT on Monday, July 30, 2018.

GSK and 23andMe sign agreement to leverage genetic insights for the development of novel medicines

On July 25, 2018 GlaxoSmithKline and 23andMe reported an exclusive four-year collaboration that will focus on research and development of innovative new medicines and potential cures, using human genetics as the basis for discovery (Press release, GlaxoSmithKline, JUL 25, 2018, View Source [SID1234640964]). The collaboration will combine 23andMe’s large-scale genetic resources and advanced data science skills, with the scientific and medical knowledge and commercialisation expertise of GSK. The goal of the collaboration is to gather insights and discover novel drug targets driving disease progression and develop therapies for serious unmet medical needs based on those discoveries.

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With over 5 million customers, 23andMe offers those with an interest in genetics the opportunity to learn more about their personal genetic profile. 23andMe customers can also choose to participate in research and contribute their information to a unique and dynamic database, which is now the world’s largest genetic and phenotypic resource.

GSK brings extensive drug discovery and development capabilities across a broad range of diseases and modalities, including small molecule, biopharmaceuticals and cell and gene therapies. It will apply its world-class technologies, including access to additional data sources, in-house target validation and genetics expertise, and utilise its manufacturing, commercial operations and scale to support partner activities across research and development.

Dr. Hal Barron, Chief Scientific Officer and President R&D, GSK, said; "We are excited about this unique collaboration as we know that drug targets with genetic validation have a significantly higher chance of ultimately demonstrating benefit for patients and becoming medicines. Partnering with 23andMe, an organisation whose vision and capabilities are transforming the understanding of how genes influence health, will help to shift our research and development organisation to be ‘driven by genetics’, and increase the impact GSK can have on patients."

Anne Wojcicki, CEO and Co-Founder of 23andMe, said; "This collaboration will enable us to deliver on what many customers have been asking for — cures or treatments for diseases. By leveraging the genetic and phenotypic information provided by consenting 23andMe customers and combining it with GSK’s incredible expertise and resources in drug discovery, we believe we can more quickly make treating and curing diseases a reality."

Together, GSK and 23andMe will focus on translating genetic and phenotypic data into R&D activities that will:

Improve target selection to allow safer, more effective ‘precision’ medicines to be discovered. Genetic data can significantly improve our understanding of diseases, their pathways and mechanisms, supporting the design and development of more targeted medicines. Use of genetic data in selecting drug targets can increase both the probability of success in a particular indication and avoid unwanted safety risks.
Support identification of patient subgroups that are more likely to respond to targeted treatments. Scale is critical for the detection of genetic effects in smaller subsets of diseases and patients. With over 80% of 23andMe’s customer base consenting to participate in research, their aggregate and de-identified data could help enable the discovery of a significant number of novel associations from a diverse range of people, which would not otherwise be possible.
Allow more effective identification and recruitment of patients for clinical studies. The ability to identify and invite patients with a particular disease, and in some case specific genetic subgroups, to participate in studies that are relevant to them could significantly shorten recruitment and reduce clinical development timelines, allowing medicines to be delivered to patients more efficiently.
Deal Terms
Under the terms of the deal, GSK and 23andMe have entered into a four-year collaboration with the option to extend for a fifth year under which GSK will become 23andMe’s exclusive collaborator for drug target discovery programmes. During this time, the companies will use 23andMe’s rich database and proprietary statistical analytics to fuel drug target discovery, with the goal of jointly discovering novel targets that can progress into development. A joint GSK-23andMe drug discovery team will use their combined resources to identify new targets and prioritise based on strength of the biological hypothesis, possibility to find a medicine, and clinical opportunity.

To allow work to commence immediately, the deal enables both companies to bring existing early stage programmes within the collaboration. 23andMe currently has a portfolio of early stage therapeutic research programmes across a wide range of disease indications, which will be assessed for inclusion. GSK will contribute its LRRK2 inhibitor, which is currently in preclinical development as a potential treatment for Parkinson’s disease. This programme is expected to significantly progress by leveraging 23andMe’s large base of consented customers who are aware of their LRRK2 variant status as a result of 23andMe’s FDA-authorised genetic health reports. Together, GSK and 23andMe are expected to more effectively target and rapidly recruit patients with defined LRRK2 mutations in order to reach clinical proof of concept.

All activities within the collaboration will initially be co-funded (50%/50%), with either company having certain rights to reduce its funding share for any collaboration programme. It is expected that this collaboration will jointly progress a number of targets per year, with either company able to independently progress additional targets identified within the collaboration. GSK will also have the right to work with 23andMe to analyse 23andMe’s database for validation of GSK’s existing therapeutic portfolio as well as leverage 23andMe’s capabilities for clinical trial recruitment. Both GSK and 23andMe will share in the proceeds from new treatments and medicines arising from the collaboration.

Additionally, GSK has made a $300M equity investment in 23andMe.

Protecting what’s important
23andMe customers are in control of their data. Participating in 23andMe’s research is always voluntary and requires customers to affirmatively consent to participate. For those who do consent, their information will be de-identified, so no individual will be identifiable to GSK.

The continued protection of customers’ data and privacy is the highest priority for both GSK and 23andMe. Both companies have stringent security protections in place when it comes to collecting, storing and transferring information about research participants. 23andMe employs software, hardware and physical security measures to protect the computers where data is stored and information will only be transferred using encryption to offer maximum security.

Scientific engagement
To ensure broader, ongoing engagement within the scientific community, GSK and 23andMe intend to publish results of research conducted within this collaboration, to allow these learnings to be used to guide future research. 23andMe will also continue to provide data and analyses to academics and researchers in areas outside of target discovery.