On March 31, 2016 Atreca, Inc., a biotechnology company focused on developing novel therapeutics based on a deep understanding of the human immune response, reported positive preclinical findings generated using the Company’s Immune Repertoire Capture technology, presented at the Gordon Research Conference: Antibody Biology & Engineering, which took place in Galveston, TX, March 20-25, 2016 (Press release, Atreca, MAR 31, 2016, View Source [SID1234522967]). In a poster titled, "Protective Anti-Malarial Human Antibodies identified from P. falciparum CSP Immunized Kymice using Immune Repertoire Capture (IRC)", a research team including scientists at Atreca and collaborators at leading institutions reported key preclinical research findings, including:

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Atreca’s Immune Repertoire Capture technology applied in combination with Kymab’s Kymice, an Ig-gene humanized mouse platform, identified and generated potent antibodies comprised of human variable genes.
•Atreca identified diverse lineages (or families) of antibodies that bind to a key target, the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) of P. falciparum. Two of these lineages provided potent protection in an in vivo malaria-challenge model, resulting in >99% reduction of liver-stage parasite load.
Daniel Emerling, Ph.D., Atreca’s Senior Vice President, Research, stated, "IRC enabled identification of multiple lineages containing potent, anti-malarial human antibodies generated by activated mouse B cells. The diversified antibody library that we generated had a high hit rate of binding against the CSP target (34%). Our analyses also provide the foundation for understanding structure-activity relationships that mediate the binding of the antibodies that are efficacious in vivo. Furthermore, we have identified many other antibody sequences in these and other lineages that are highly similar to the efficacious antibodies and may therefore also be active in vivo."

Dr. Emerling continued, "We are grateful to both the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative for supporting this critical research."

"These results disclosed at the Gordon Conference demonstrate the ability of Atreca’s Immune Repertoire Capture technology to generate novel antibodies with high in vivo potency from immune responses, as well as multiple lineages containing such antibodies," commented Tito A. Serafini, Ph.D., Atreca’s President, Chief Executive Officer, and Co-Founder. "While our primary focus continues to be on cancer immunotherapy, our IRC technology allows us to mine the key phenomenon driving efficacious immune responses in humans and animals in diverse disease settings, including infectious and autoimmune diseases."

Atreca recently reported use of its Immune Repertoire Capture technology to analyze the successful anti-tumor responses in individuals with non-progressing lung adenocarcinoma. Based on this and related research, select antibodies discovered by Atreca have progressed to preclinical testing in in vivo models of cancer, with the goal of selecting candidates to enter into more advanced preclinical studies.

Few epidemiologic studies describe longitudinal liver chemistry (LC) elevations in cancer patients. A population-based retrospective cohort was identified from 31 Phase 2-3 oncology trials (excluding targeted therapies) conducted from 1985-2005 to evaluate background rates of LC elevations in patients (n=3998) with or without liver metastases. Patients with baseline liver metastases (29% of patients) presented with a 3% prevalence of alanine transaminase (ALT) ≥3x upper limits normal (ULN) and 0.2% prevalence of bilirubin ≥3xULN. During follow-up, the incidence (per 1000 person-months) of new onset ALT elevations ≥3xULN was 6.1 (95% CI: 4.5, 8.0) and 2.2 (95% CI: 0.9, 4.5) in patients without and with liver metastases, respectively. No new incident cases of ALT and bilirubin elevations suggestive of severe liver injury occurred among those with liver metastases; a single case occurred among those without metastasis. Regardless of the presence of liver metastases, LC elevations were rare in cancer patients during oncology trials, which may be due to enrolment criteria. Our study validates uniform thresholds for detection of LC elevations in oncology studies and serves as an empirical referent point for comparing liver enzyme abnormalities in oncology trials of novel targeted therapies. These data support uniform LC stopping criteria in oncology trials.
Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier Inc.

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On March 31, 2016 PharmaCyte Biotech, Inc. (OTCQB: PMCB), a clinical stage biotechnology company focused on developing targeted therapies for cancer and diabetes using its live-cell encapsulation technology, Cell-in-a-Box, reported the final design of its clinical trial for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer (Press release, PharmaCyte Biotech, MAR 31, 2016, View Source [SID:1234510778]). The clinical trial design was developed with Translational Drug Development (TD2), America’s premier oncology Contract Research Organization, as well as with renowned pancreatic cancer specialists consulting with PharmaCyte.

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PharmaCyte’s Chief Executive Officer, Kenneth L. Waggoner, stated, "The trial is designed to determine if PharmaCyte’s pancreatic cancer treatment (the combination of micro-capsules that contain genetically modified human cells which convert the cancer prodrug ifosfamide into its "cancer-killing" form at one-third the normal dose) can satisfy a clear unmet medical need that exists for patients with locally advanced, inoperable pancreatic cancer who no longer respond to the current standard of care. Most of these patients are initially treated with the combination of nab-paclitaxel (Abraxane) plus gemcitabine or the four-drug combination known as FOLFIRINOX. When these patients’ tumors no longer respond to treatment with these regimens, the next standard of care offers little to no benefit. It is then that these patients are often treated with the combination of the anticancer drug capecitabine plus radiation therapy. However, this combination is only marginally effective in stopping the progression of the disease. In PharmaCyte’s clinical trial, our pancreatic cancer therapy will be compared "head to head" with the capecitabine/radiation combination to demonstrate that it is clearly superior in treating these patients while maintaining a superior quality of life during the therapy."

Major factors in the overall trial design are:

The clinical trial will be international (United States, Europe and possibly Australia), multi-site, open-label and randomized.

Study sites under consideration in the United States include the Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale, Arizona, the Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center and the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute both in Boston, Massachusetts, the Baylor Cancer Center in Dallas, Texas, the City of Hope Cancer Center in Los Angeles, California, and sites in Germany and Spain.

The randomization ratio of patients between the two study groups will be 1:1 (an equal number of patients will be randomly assigned to the capecitabine + radiation group and the PharmaCyte pancreatic cancer therapy group).

As many as 84 patients will be required to complete the study, although fewer may be required based upon the data developed during the trial.

Only patients who have locally advanced, non-metastatic, inoperable cancers and whose tumors no longer respond after 4-6 months of treatment with either the nab-paclitaxel (Abraxane) + gemcitabine or FOLFIRINOX regimens will be eligible for the study.

Unlike the earlier clinical trials using PharmaCyte’s pancreatic cancer therapy where patients received only two doses of ifosfamide, multiple cycles of ifosfamide will be given to those being treated with PharmaCyte’s pancreatic cancer therapy. This will continue until the patients’ tumors no longer respond to PharmaCyte’s therapy or until treatment-related toxicity accumulates to unacceptable levels.
Mr. Waggoner concluded, "We feel that the major factors that needed to be considered for the development of a complete clinical trial protocol have now been addressed. Of course, as we continue to move toward our clinical trial, slight changes that benefit the overall trial design could certainly be addressed and lead to further refinement of the trial. Special appreciation for reaching this point must be given to the renowned pancreatic cancer experts who have played such a major role in the trial design. With these developments, we are yet another step closer to the commencement of our clinical trial which we believe will satisfy the clear unmet medical need experienced by patients with locally advanced, but inoperable, pancreatic cancer who no longer respond to the gold standard of care."

Inhibition of the V600E mutated BRAF kinase gene (BRAF(V600E) ) is an important and effective approach to treating melanomas. A new specific small molecule inhibitor of BRAF(V600E) , PLX3603, showed potent melanoma growth-inhibiting characteristics in preclinical studies and is currently under clinical investigation. In this study we investigated the feasibility of (18) F-FDG and (18) F-FLT-PET to monitor the early effects of the BRAF(V600E) inhibitor in mice with melanoma xenografts. SCID/beige mice with subcutaneous (s.c.) A375 melanoma xenografts, expressing BRAF(V600E) , received the BRAF(V600E) inhibitor twice daily orally (0, 25, 50 and 75 mg/kg). At 1, 3 and 7 days after start of therapy, the uptake of (18) F-FDG and (18) F-FLT in the tumor and normal tissues was determined in ex vivo tissue samples. Serial (18) F-FDG and (18) F-FLT-PET scans were acquired of animals at 1 day before and 1, 3 and 7 days after start of treatment with 75 mg/kg BRAF(V600E) inhibitor. A dose-dependent decrease in (18) F-FDG uptake in the A375 tumors was observed by ex vivo biodistribution analysis. Administration of 75 mg/kg BRAF inhibitor for 1, 3 and 7 days resulted in a significantly decreased (18) F-FDG uptake in A375 tumors (41, 35 and 51%, respectively). (18) F-FLT uptake in the A375 tumors was low at baseline and no significant changes in (18) F-FLT uptake were observed at any of the doses administered. These effects were corroborated by serial in vivo (18) F-FDG and (18) F-FLT-PET imaging. These data demonstrate that (18) F-FDG-PET can be used as an imaging biomarker to noninvasively evaluate the early effects of PLX3603.
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Death-associated protein kinase (DAPK3) is a serine/threonine kinase involved in various signaling pathways important to tissue homeostasis and mammalian biology. Considered to be a putative tumor suppressor, the molecular mechanism by which DAPK3 exerts its suppressive function is not fully understood and the field lacks an appropriate mouse model. To address these gaps, an in vitro three-dimensional tumorigenesis model was used and a constitutive DAPK3-knockout mouse was generated. In the 3D morphogenesis model, loss of DAPK3 through lentiviral-mediated knockdown enlarged acinar size by accelerated acini proliferation and apoptosis while maintaining acini polarity. Depletion of DAPK3 enhanced growth factor-dependent mTOR activation and, furthermore, enlarged DAPK3 acini structures were uniquely sensitive to low doses of rapamycin. Simultaneous knockdown of RAPTOR, a key mTORC1 component, reversed the augmented acinar size in DAPK3-depleted structures indicating an epistatic interaction. Using a validated gene trap strategy to generate a constitutive DAPK3-knockout mouse, it was demonstrated that DAPK3 is vital for early mouse development. The Dapk3 promoter exhibits spatiotemporal activity in developing mice and is actively expressed in normal breast epithelia of adult mice. Importantly, reduction of DAPK3 expression correlates with the development of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and more aggressive breast cancer as observed in the Oncomine database of clinical breast cancer specimens.
Novel cellular and mouse modeling studies of DAPK3 shed light on its tumor-suppressive mechanisms and provide direct evidence that DAPK3 has relevance in early development.
©2014 American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) (Free AACR Whitepaper).

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